Abstract
Although desalinations with renewables were introduced some time ago, conventional desalination units are still applied. Conventional desalinations account for 90% of desalinations worldwide. Yet, they have two significant issues: a high demand for energy and a high level of environmental contaminants. Such issues are studied and remedies are suggested in the current study. Varieties of biofuel blends in dual and ternary bases are investigated experimentally for indirect desalination. Results showed that ternary blends can introduce lower desalination potentials than fossil fuels by about 4−7%. The best ternary blends for the indirect desalination process are iBE, followed by niB, and finally EM. The EGT of iBE is greater than niB and EM by about 1.1 and 1.2%, respectively. Both n-butanol/iso-butanol−gasoline dual blends introduced an almost similar desalination potential as the ternary blends (e.g., lower desalination by about 4.4 and 4.7%). Nevertheless, bio-ethanol/bio-methanol−gasoline dual blends introduced greater desalination potentials than the fossil fuel by 3.2 and 3%, respectively. Regarding environmental issues, both ternary and dual blends introduced lower CO and UHC emissions than fossil fuels in varying degrees. M presented the lowest CO by about 30%, followed by EM by about 21%, and lastly E by about 20%, compared to G. However, the lowest UHC is presented by EM followed by nB and niB with rates of 18, 16.2, and 13.5%. Results also showed that the engine speed has a considerable effect on the desalination process and environment; low engine speed is recommended in the case of applying ternary blends, as well as dual n-butanol/iso-butanol−gasoline blends. Alternatively, in the case of applying bio-ethanol/bio-methanol−gasoline dual blends, moderate engine speed is preferable.