LAPSE:2023.32476
Published Article
LAPSE:2023.32476
Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry
April 20, 2023
In April 2018, the International Maritime Organisation adopted an ambitious plan to contribute to the global efforts to reduce the Greenhouse Gas emissions, as set by the Paris Agreement, by targeting a 50% reduction in shipping’s Green House Gas emissions by 2050, benchmarked to 2008 levels. To meet these challenging goals, the maritime industry must introduce environmentally friendly fuels with negligible, or low SOX, NOX and CO2 emissions. Ammonia use in maritime applications is considered promising, due to its high energy density, low flammability, easy storage and low production cost. Moreover, ammonia can be used as fuel in a variety of propulsors such as fuel cells and can be produced from renewable sources. As a result, ammonia can be used as a versatile marine fuel, exploiting the existing infrastructure, and having zero SOX and CO2 emissions. However, there are several challenges to overcome for ammonia to become a compelling fuel towards the decarbonisation of shipping. Such factors include the selection of the appropriate ammonia-fuelled power generator, the selection of the appropriate system safety assessment tool, and mitigating measures to address the hazards of ammonia. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of ammonia fuelled fuel cells for marine applications and presents their potential, and challenges.
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Keywords
ammonia, Fuel Cells, power production, safety, shipping, zero-carbon
Subject
Suggested Citation
Cheliotis M, Boulougouris E, Trivyza NL, Theotokatos G, Livanos G, Mantalos G, Stubos A, Stamatakis E, Venetsanos A. Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry. (2023). LAPSE:2023.32476
Author Affiliations
Cheliotis M: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK [ORCID]
Boulougouris E: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK [ORCID]
Trivyza NL: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Theotokatos G: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK [ORCID]
Livanos G: CAPITAL-EXECUTIVE Ship Management Corp, 3, Iasonos Street, 18537 Piraeus, Greece
Mantalos G: STARBULK, 40, Agiou Konstantinou, 15124 Athens, Greece
Stubos A: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
Stamatakis E: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece; Institute of Petroleum Research-FORTH, 73100 Chania, Greece [ORCID]
Venetsanos A: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
Boulougouris E: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK [ORCID]
Trivyza NL: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Theotokatos G: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK [ORCID]
Livanos G: CAPITAL-EXECUTIVE Ship Management Corp, 3, Iasonos Street, 18537 Piraeus, Greece
Mantalos G: STARBULK, 40, Agiou Konstantinou, 15124 Athens, Greece
Stubos A: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
Stamatakis E: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece; Institute of Petroleum Research-FORTH, 73100 Chania, Greece [ORCID]
Venetsanos A: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
Journal Name
Energies
Volume
14
Issue
11
First Page
3023
Year
2021
Publication Date
2021-05-23
Published Version
ISSN
1996-1073
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PII: en14113023, Publication Type: Review
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LAPSE:2023.32476
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doi:10.3390/en14113023
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Apr 20, 2023
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