Abstract
The effect of tilt angle on free convection heat transfer is investigated experimentally inside a rectangular parallelepiped cavity filled with water. The cavity had the dimensions S × S × H (m3), where S was the inside length, and H was the inside height of the cavity. The lower surface was subject to constant heat flux, and the upper surface was cooled by a stream of ambient air. The free convection heat transfer data were generated using different uniform heat fluxes. Four tilt angles were considered: 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The surface temperature measurements were collected 10 h after the experimental run to ensure that a steady-state was reached. It was noticeable that the free convection heat transfer strongly depended on the tilt angle and the modified Rayleigh numbers. The 3D results showed that the Nusselt number reached a maximum at 60° at a fixed modified Rayleigh number. An enhancement in the Nusselt number at any tilt angle was observed over that of a zero tilt angle, and the percent of enhancement was 7.92−62.38%, depending on the modified Rayleigh numbers and the tilt angle. It was also observed that as the modified Rayleigh number increased, the temperature uniformity on both the hot and cold surfaces was disturbed. Furthermore, an empirical correlation between the modified Rayleigh numbers and Nusselt numbers was obtained for each angle. Moreover, two overall general correlations are obtained to cover the four tilt angles (i.e., 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) and the modified Rayleigh numbers, which should be helpful for engineering applications.