Using a water-insoluble β-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin copolymer (β-EPI) as an adsorbent to remove carbamazepine (CBZ), an anti-epileptic drug often found both in hospital and urban wastewater, has been validated. The effect of several physicochemical parameters on CBZ retention onto β-EPI, such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, CBZ initial concentration, pH, salts, and temperature, was assessed. The adsorption process occurs in a very short time, less than 20 min, and depends on CBZ concentration and β-EPI amount used. Changes in pH and salt presence, regardless of the type of cation or anion used, do not significantly affect the system’s efficiency. Desorption experiments were also performed, and methanol has proven to be the best CBZ extraction medium; it was also found that the polymer can be recovered and reused for at least five cycles, which makes it cheap and environmentally friendly. Advanced oxidation processes were also tested for CBZ removal by synthesizing a β-EPI polymer bearing titanium dioxide for adsorption and consecutive photocatalytic degradation of the retained pollutant directly onto the material; the effect of TiO2 amount in the polymer on CBZ oxidation was evaluated. These experiments highlighted the system’s effectiveness, and it was also observed that the H2O2 presence in the solution enhanced the CBZ photodegradation.