In the production process of coal chemical enterprises, there are factors such as dust, poisons, as well as toxic and harmful gases, which seriously restrict the safety and health of employees. It is urgent to strengthen research on occupational safety and health (OSH) of coal chemical enterprises. Research on the influencing factors is very important to improve the level of OSH in coal chemical enterprises. Therefore, this paper analyzed the factors affecting OSH of coal chemical enterprises from four aspects: “human⁻machine⁻environment⁻management„. Then, an influencing factor indicator system was constructed. The weights of the indicator were analyzed using the Analytic Network Process (ANP). On this basis, the primary and secondary indicators of the influencing factors were ranked. Subsequently, the weights of ANP were taken as the influence coefficient between variables, and the System Dynamics (SD) model of OSH control measures was established and analyzed. According to the weights of ANP and the results of SD simulation, management and control measures were proposed to provide theoretical support and method guidance for improving the level of OSH in coal chemical enterprises. Finally, the research results were experimentally applied to coal chemical enterprises. The research results of the paper will improve the level of OSH in coal chemical enterprises of both theoretical and practical applications.