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Records with Subject: Food & Agricultural Processes
Showing records 239 to 263 of 1227. [First] Page: 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Last
Use of an Artificial Neural Network to Assess the Degree of Training of an Operator of Selected Devices Used in Precision Agriculture
Karolina Trzyniec, Adam Kowalewski
April 11, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: artificial neural network, GPS, navigation, operator training, precision agriculture
The article concerns the issue of automatic recognition of the moment of achieving the desired degree of training of an operator of devices used in precision agriculture. The aim of the research was to build a neural model that recognizes when an operator has acquired the skill of operating modern navigation on parallel strips used in precision agriculture. To conduct the test, a standard device to assist the operator in guiding the machine along given paths, eliminating overlaps, was selected. The thesis was proven that the moment of operator training (meaning driving along designated paths with an accuracy of up to eight centimeters) can be automatically recognized by a properly selected artificial neural network. This network was learned on the basis of data collected during the observation of the operator training process, using a criterion defined by experts. The data collected in the form of photos of the actual and designated route was converted into numerical data and entered i... [more]
Food Security in the Context of Liquid Biofuels Production
Krystyna Kurowska, Renata Marks-Bielska, Stanisław Bielski, Hubert Kryszk, Algirdas Jasinskas
April 11, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: biodiesel, bioethanol renewable feedstocks, Biomass, farm to fork, food security
A crucial factor that determines the development of production and consumption markets for biofuels is the choice of raw materials that can ensure the highest possible production efficiency, the lowest cost and the smallest emission of harmful substances to the atmosphere during all production stages. Considerations underlying the development of biofuel production have been discussed as well as the theoretical mechanisms linking the generation of biofuels to the level of production and the variability of prices of agricultural raw products. The aim of this study has been to identify the scale at which energy raw materials originating from agriculture are used for liquid biofuels production and to explore their impact on food security. The study used public statistical data (OECD-FAO and IndexMundi). The time span of the analysis was from 2005 to 2018. First-generation biofuels based on food raw materials (cereal grains, root crops, sugarcane and vegetable oils) are becoming increasingl... [more]
Sustainable Anodes for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries Based on Coffee Ground-Derived Hard Carbon and Green Binders
Hamideh Darjazi, Antunes Staffolani, Leonardo Sbrascini, Luca Bottoni, Roberto Tossici, Francesco Nobili
April 11, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: binder, food waste-derived hard carbon, Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
The reuse and recycling of products, leading to the utilization of wastes as key resources in a closed loop, is a great opportunity for the market in terms of added value and reduced environmental impact. In this context, producing carbonaceous anode materials starting from raw materials derived from food waste appears to be a possible approach to enhance the overall sustainability of the energy storage value chain, including Li-ion (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). In this framework, we show the behavior of anodes for LIBs and NIBs prepared with coffee ground-derived hard carbon as active material, combined with green binders such as Na-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), alginate (Alg), or polyacrylic acid (PAA). In order to evaluate the effect of the various binders on the charge/discharge performance, structural and electrochemical investigations are carried out. The electrochemical characterization reveals that the alginate-based anode, used for NIBs, delivers much enhanced charge/di... [more]
Extending and Solving the Refrigerated Routing Problem
Sara Ceschia, Luca Di Gaspero, Antonella Meneghetti
April 11, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: cold food chain, constraint programming, Energy Efficiency, local search, mixed integer programming, rich vehicle routing problem, sustainable transports
In recent years, cold food chains have shown an impressive growth, mainly due to customers life style changes. Consequently, the transportation of refrigerated food is becoming a crucial aspect of the chain, aiming at ensuring efficiency and sustainability of the process while keeping a high level of product quality. The recently defined Refrigerated Routing Problem (RRP) consists of finding the optimal delivery tour that minimises the fuel consumption for both the traction and the refrigeration components. The total fuel consumption is related, in a complex way, to the distance travelled, the vehicle load and speed, and the outdoor temperature. All these factors depend, in turn, on the traffic and the climate conditions of the region where deliveries take place and they change during the day and the year. The original RRP has been extended to take into account also the total driving cost and to add the possibility to slow down the deliveries by allowing arbitrarily long waiting times... [more]
Quantitative Analysis of Amorphous Silica and Its Influence on Reservoir Properties: A Case Study on the Shale Strata of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Depression, Junggar Basin, China
Ke Sun, Qinghua Chen, Guohui Chen, Yin Liu, Changchao Chen
April 11, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: amorphous SiO2, quantitative analysis, reservoir properties, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
To establish a new quantitative analysis method for amorphous silica content and understand its effect on reservoir properties, the amorphous silica (SiO2) in the shale strata of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Depression was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Amorphous silica shows no specific morphology, sometimes exhibits the spherical or ellipsoid shapes, and usually disorderly mounds among other mineral grains. A new quantitative analysis method for observing amorphous SiO2 was established by combining XRD and XRF. On this basis, while the higher content of amorphous SiO2 lowers the porosity of the reservoir, the permeability shows no obvious changes. The higher the content of amorphous SiO2, the lower the compressive strength and Young’s modulus and the lower the oil saturation. Thus, amorphous SiO2 can reduce the physical properties of reservoir rocks and increase the reservoir plast... [more]
Integrated Leaching and Thermochemical Technologies for Producing High-Value Products from Rice Husk: Leaching of Rice Husk with the Aqueous Phases of Bioliquids
Wenran Gao, Hui Li, Karnowo, Bing Song, Shu Zhang
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: AAEMs, aqueous phase, bio-crude, bio-oil, hydrothermal, leaching, pyrolysis, rice husk
It remains challenging to develop a techno-economically feasible method to remove alkali and alkaline earth metal species (AAEMs) from rice husk (RH), which is a widely available bioresource across the world. In this study, the AAEMs leaching effect of aqueous phases of both bio-crude prepared by hydrothermal liquefaction (AP-HT) and bio-oil prepared by pyrolysis (AP-Pyro) of RH were systematically investigated. The results indicated that although the acidity of AP-HT and AP-Pyro are much lower than that of HCl, they performed a comparable removal efficiency on AAEMs (Na: 56.2%, K: 96.7%, Mg: 91.0%, Ca: 46.1% for AP-HT, while Na: 58.9%, K: 96.9%, Mg: 94.0%, Ca: 86.3% for AP-Pyro) with HCl. The presence of phenolics in bio-oil could facilitate the penetration of water and organic acids into the inner area of RH cells, thus enhancing the AAEMs removal via chelate reactions. The thermal stability of leached RH during thermochemical conversions was studied via TG and Py-GC-MS. The results... [more]
WP3—Innovation in Agriculture and Forestry Sector for Energetic Sustainability
Andrea Colantoni, Rodolfo Picchio, Alvaro Marucci, Elena Di Mattia, Valerio Cristofori, Fabio Recanatesi, Mauro Villarini, Danilo Monarca, Massimo Cecchini
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Papers submitted and published in this Special Issue “WP3—Innovation in Agriculture and Forestry Sector for Energetic Sustainability” bring together some of the latest research results in the field of biomass valorization and the process of energy production and climate change and other items about energetic sustainability [...]
Characteristics of Aerosol Formation and Emissions During Corn Stalk Pyrolysis
Ning Li, Jiale Zhang, Zhihe Li, Yongjun Li
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: aerosol, cornstalk, pyrolysis
The inevitable emission of aerosols during pyrolysis can negatively affect the downstream process and even pollute the environment. In this work, the characteristics of aerosols were investigated during corn stalk pyrolysis at 400−900 °C. The effects of other operation conditions on the aerosol emissions were also probed with online and offline instruments. Results show the yield of aerosol presents a regular change with temperature in a wide range ratio of 3.4−8.7 wt.%. The aerosol size distribution reveals a unimodal form mainly in the 1.1−2.1 μm accumulation range and the maximum emission achieved is about 35 mg/g for SR and SP at 500 °C. Nevertheless, SL gives about 34 mg/g at 600 °C. High temperature promotes the decomposition of polymers into partciles with small diameter (less than PM1.0). The microtopography of aerosol presents spherical droplets, elongated-like liquid and solid particles that form heterogenous or homogeneous aggregations, that also happen on account of collisi... [more]
Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Peel Waste as a Novel Green Heterogeneous Catalyst for Moringa Oil Methyl Esters Synthesis: Process Optimization and Kinetic Study
Babatunde Oladipo, Tunde V Ojumu, Lekan M Latinwo, Eriola Betiku
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: agricultural waste, biodiesel, catalyst, kinetics, plant oil, Taguchi method
This study evaluated pawpaw (Carica papaya) peel ash as a green solid base catalyst for Moringa oleifera oil methyl esters (MOOME) production. Taguchi orthogonal array approach was used to examine the impact of vital process input variables (calcined pawpaw peel (CPP) loading, reaction temperature, methanol-to-M. oleifera oil (MeOH:MOO) molar ratio and reaction time) on the MOOME yield. Catalytic potency potential of the CPP was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results obtained indicate that the CPP consists of nanoparticles and alkaline elements K (23.89 wt.%), Ca (2.86 wt.%) and Mg (1.00 wt.%). The high values of coefficient of determination, R2 (0.9992) and adjusted R2 (0.9968) as well as the low value of the coefficient of variation (0.31%) for the model developed indicate it can be used to... [more]
Economic Energy Efficiency of Food Production Systems
Bartłomiej Bajan, Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Walenty Poczta
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: agriculture, Energy Efficiency, energy intensity, energy use, food industry, food production, food systems
The current global population growth forecast carries with it a global increase in demand for food. In order to meet this demand, it is necessary to increase production, which requires an increase in energy consumption. However, forecasted energy production growth is insufficient and traditional sources of energy are limited; hence, it is necessary to strive for greater energy efficiency in food production systems. The study aimed to compare the economic energy efficiency of food production systems in selected countries and identify the sources of diversification in this field. As a measure of energy efficiency, the indicators of the energy intensity of food production were used in this study. To calculate these indicators, a method based on input-output life-cycle assessment assumptions was used, which enables researchers to obtain fully comparable results between countries. The study showed that despite an increase in energy consumption in the food production systems of the analyzed... [more]
Multidimensional Analysis of Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) Incineration Process
Janusz Bujak, Piotr Sitarz, Magdalena Nakielska
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: meat and bone meal, multidimensional analysis, rotary kiln, thermal treatment of waste
This paper presents test results of thermal treatment (combustion) of meat and bone meal (MBM) within the context of an animal waste utilization plant. The test facility was equipped with a rotating combustion chamber. The energy and ecological aspects of the operation of this facility were analyzed. This article assesses the impact of the tested system on the natural environment with regard to the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. In accordance with the chemical composition of the incinerated waste, the following compounds were analyzed: CO, NOx (nitrogen oxides), SO2, HCl, HF, TOC (total organic carbon) and dust. The concentrations recorded in periods of 0.5 and 24 h were in compliance with the admissible levels defined by European Union directives. An analysis of the energy efficiency of the energy recovery system used, which produces saturated steam for the technological needs of the utilization plant, was also carried out. The conditions for the achieved ecological and e... [more]
Variations in Minority Carrier-Trapping Effects Caused by Hydrogen Passivation in Multicrystalline Silicon Wafer
Yujin Jung, Kwan Hong Min, Soohyun Bae, Yoonmook Kang, Donghwan Kim, Hae-Seok Lee
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: grain boundary, hydrogen passivation, multicrystalline silicon, photoconductance, trapping effect
In a multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafer, trapping effects frequently occur in the carrier lifetime measurement based on the quasi-steady-state photoconductance (QSSPC) technique. This affects the accurate measurement of the carrier lifetime of an mc-Si solar cell by causing distortions at a low injection level close to the Pmax point. Therefore, it is necessary to understand this effect and effectively minimize the trapping-center density. In this study, the variations in the minority carrier-trapping effect of hydrogen at different annealing temperatures in an mc-Si were observed using QSSPC, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography. A trapping effect was confirmed and occurred in the grain boundary area, and the effect was reduced by hydrogen. Thus, in an mc-Si wafer, effective hydrogen passivation on the grain area and grain boundary is crucial and was experimentally proven to minimize the distortion of the carrier lifetime.
The Potential of Agricultural Biogas Production in Ukraine—Impact on GHG Emissions and Energy Production
Adam Wąs, Piotr Sulewski, Vitaliy Krupin, Nazariy Popadynets, Agata Malak-Rawlikowska, Magdalena Szymańska, Iryna Skorokhod, Marcin Wysokiński
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: agricultural biogas, bioenergy, biomethane, economic performance, GHG emission, regional analysis, Ukraine
Renewable energy production is gaining importance in the context of global climate changes. However, in some countries other aspects increasing the role of renewable energy production are also present. Such a country is Ukraine, which is not self-sufficient in energy supply and whose dependency on poorly diversified import of energy carriers regularly leads to political tensions and has socio-economic implications. Production of agricultural biogas seems to be a way to both slow down climatic changes and increase energy self-sufficiency by replacing or complementing conventional sources of energy. One of the most substantial barriers to agricultural biogas production is the low level of agricultural concentration and significant economies of scale in constructing biogas plants. The aim of the paper was thus to assess the potential of agricultural biogas production in Ukraine, including its impact on energy self-sufficiency, mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the economic... [more]
Oriented Fermentation of Food Waste towards High-Value Products: A Review
Qiao Wang, Huan Li, Kai Feng, Jianguo Liu
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: Ethanol, fatty acids, Fermentation, food waste, lactic acid, recovery
Food waste has a great potential for resource recovery due to its huge yield and high organic content. Oriented fermentation is a promising method with strong application prospects due to high efficiency, strong robustness, and high-value products. Different fermentation types lead to different products, which can be shifted by adjusting fermentation conditions such as inoculum, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), organic loading rate (OLR), and nutrients. Compared with other types, lactic acid fermentation has the lowest reliance on artificial intervention. Lactic acid and volatile fatty acids are the common products, and high yield and high purity are the main targets of food waste fermentation. In addition to operational parameters, reactors and processes should be paid more attention to for industrial application. Currently, continuously stirred tank reactors and one-stage processes are used principally for scale-up continuous fermentation of food waste. Electro-fermentation a... [more]
Application of Industry 4.0 to the Product Development Process in Project-Type Production
Wieslaw Urban, Krzysztof Łukaszewicz, Elżbieta Krawczyk-Dembicka
April 4, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: case study, energy savings, Industry 4.0, product development process, project-type production
Currently, the concept of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is reaching most companies by changing the characteristics of their production systems. The aim of this study was to determine the possibilities of applying I4.0 concepts and tools to the product development process in a small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME)—a food processing technology supplier that offers individually tailored solutions. The study employs the case study methodology along with conceptual studies. Based on the available I4.0 concepts/technologies, the areas of the process that could be improved were identified. The study concludes with proposing several modifications in the process in the context of I4.0. Some of the process stages can be shortened by implementing I4.0 tools. It was found that the length of the process can be shortened from 36 to 26 months, and possible gains also include energy savings. Technological tools, referred to as augmented/virtual reality, along with simulations and virtual manufacturing, seem t... [more]
Scaling-Up the Anaerobic Digestion of Pretreated Microalgal Biomass within a Water Resource Recovery Facility
Rubén Díez-Montero, Lucas Vassalle, Fabiana Passos, Antonio Ortiz, María Jesús García-Galán, Joan García, Ivet Ferrer
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: agricultural runoff, anaerobic digestion, biogas, biomethane, biorefinery, microalgae, photobioreactor, pretreatment, Wastewater
Microalgae-based wastewater treatment plants are low-cost alternatives for recovering nutrients from contaminated effluents through microalgal biomass, which may be subsequently processed into valuable bioproducts and bioenergy. Anaerobic digestion for biogas and biomethane production is the most straightforward and applicable technology for bioenergy recovery. However, pretreatment techniques may be needed to enhance the anaerobic biodegradability of microalgae. To date, very few full-scale systems have been put through, due to acknowledged bottlenecks such as low biomass concentration after conventional harvesting and inefficient processing into valuable products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic digestion of pretreated microalgal biomass in a demonstration-scale microalgae biorefinery, and to compare the results obtained with previous research conducted at lab-scale, in order to assess the scalability of this bioprocess. In the lab-scale experiments, real municipa... [more]
Suction Removal of Cohesionless Sediment
Pu Yang, Guorong Wang, Lin Zhong
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: cohesionless sediment scour, hydraulic suction, scour depth
The theoretical analysis of sediment scour in vertical direction caused by a vertical suction inlet is presented here. The predictive formulas of the critical inlet height of particle initial motion and scour depth in equilibrium state are expressed as Froude type relations based on the phenomenological theory of turbulence and the momentum transfer hypothesis between fluid and grain. The experimental data of the literature shows good consistency with the theoretical relationship, and the physical mechanism is clear. In addition, the discussion for the applicability of the predictive formula in an extensive range of Reynolds numbers reveals that the sediment incipient motion can be excellently explained by the energy spectrum of the phenomenological theory. Then the theoretical errors in different flow regions are investigated. The research presents universal relevance and reference value for similar research and application.
Grand Challenges in Central Europe: The Relationship of Food Security, Climate Change, and Energy Use
Domicián Máté, Mohammad Fazle Rabbi, Adam Novotny, Sándor Kovács
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: climate change, food security, grand challenges, multiple factor analysis, regional studies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, sustainable development goals
Pursuing various sustainable development goals is posing new challenges for societies, policymakers, and researchers alike. This study implements an exploratory approach to address the complexity of food security and nuance its relationship with other grand challenges, such as energy use and climate change, in Central European countries. A multiple factor analysis (MFA) suggests that the three pillars of food security relate differently to climate change: food affordability and food accessibility positively correlate with climate change, while food quality has a negative association with temperature rise. However, if countries switched to renewable energy resources, all three pillars of food security could be achieved simultaneously. The study also underlines regional inequalities regarding grand challenges and emphasizes the need for innovative local solutions, i.e., advances in agriculture systems, educational programs, and the development of environmental technologies that consider... [more]
Evaluating the Struvite Recovered from Anaerobic Digestate in a Farm Bio-Refinery as a Slow-Release Fertiliser
Magdalena Szymańska, Tomasz Sosulski, Adriana Bożętka, Urszula Dawidowicz, Adam Wąs, Ewa Szara, Agata Malak-Rawlikowska, Piotr Sulewski, Gijs W. P. van Pruissen, René L. Cornelissen
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: biogas plant, farm bio-refinery, fertiliser value, P and N recovery, struvite
Biogas production in agricultural biogas plants generates digestate—liquid waste containing organic matter and mineral nutrients. Utilisation of the digestate on farm fields adjacent to the biogas plants is limited. Therefore, bio-refineries implement advanced forms of digestate processing, including precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Struvite can be transported over long distances and dosed precisely to meet the nutritional needs of the plants. Divergent opinions on the fertilising value of struvite and its function over time call for further research on its effects on crop yields in the first and subsequent years after application. This study investigates the effects of struvite (STR), struvite with ammonium sulphate (STR + N), and commercial ammonium phosphate (AP) on the yields, nutrient concentration in the crops, nutrient uptake by the crops, and soil N, P, and Mg content in the second growing period after the application of fertilisers to silty loam (SL) and loamy sand (... [more]
Enhanced CH4-CO2 Hydrate Swapping in the Presence of Low Dosage Methanol
Jyoti Shanker Pandey, Charilaos Karantonidis, Adam Paul Karcz, Nicolas von Solms
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: anti-agglomeration, CH4-CO2 hydrate swapping, Methanol, surface active compound
CO2-rich gas injection into natural gas hydrate reservoirs is proposed as a carbon-neutral, novel technique to store CO2 while simultaneously producing CH4 gas from methane hydrate deposits without disturbing geological settings. This method is limited by the mass transport barrier created by hydrate film formation at the liquid−gas interface. The very low gas diffusivity through hydrate film formed at this interface causes low CO2 availability at the gas−hydrate interface, thus lowering the recovery and replacement efficiency during CH4-CO2 exchange. In a first-of-its-kind study, we have demonstrate the successful application of low dosage methanol to enhance gas storage and recovery and compare it with water and other surface-active kinetic promoters including SDS and L-methionine. Our study shows 40−80% CH4 recovery, 83−93% CO2 storage and 3−10% CH4-CO2 replacement efficiency in the presence of 5 wt% methanol, and further improvement in the swapping process due to a change in temper... [more]
Comparison of Torrefaction and Hydrothermal Treatment as Pretreatment Technologies for Rice Husks
Tianjiao Cheng, Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo, Hiroshi Onoda
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: biomass energy, hydrothermal, rice husks, torrefaction
Many agricultural waste residues are generated in Southeast Asia while some areas in the region still do not have electricity. This study explores the potential effective utilization of agricultural residues in Southeast Asia to generate power. Firstly, visualization of the potential for energy generation was completed using a geographic information system (GIS). Secondly, a comparison of effectiveness was completed between the torrefaction and hydrothermal treatment of low-grade agricultural residues as pretreatment techniques for the modification of agricultural residues. In this study, the feasibility of utilizing rice residues was analyzed (i.e., rice husks, which are produced in large quantities in Southeast Asia) to determine their suitability for pretreatment as feedstock for power plants. This was assessed experimentally by focusing on the pyrolytic characteristics of the husks and the rate of ash change both before and after treatment, while the subsequent implications on tran... [more]
The Utilization of Plum Stones for Pellet Production and Investigation of Post-Combustion Flue Gas Emissions
Magdalena Dołżyńska, Sławomir Obidziński, Jolanta Piekut, Güray Yildiz
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: agri-food waste, biomass combustion, flue gas emissions, plum stones, pressure agglomeration
Agri-food waste is generated at various food cycle stages and is considered to be a valuable feedstock in energy systems and chemical syntheses. This research identifies the potential and suitability of a representative agri-food waste sample (i.e., plum stones) as a solid fuel. Ground plum stones containing 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of rye bran were subjected to pelletization. The pelletizer was operated at 170, 220, and 270 rpm, and its power demand for the mixture containing 20 wt.% of rye bran was 1.81, 1.89, and 2.21 kW, respectively. Such pellets had the highest quality in terms of their density (814.6 kg·m−3), kinetic durability (87.8%), lower heating value (20.04 MJ·kg−1), and elemental composition (C: 54.1 wt.%; H: 6.4 wt.%; N: 0.73 wt.%; S: 0.103 wt.%; Cl: 0.002 wt.%; O: 38.2 wt.%). Whole plum stones and pellets were subjected to combustion in a 25 kW retort grate boiler in order to determine the changes in the concentrations of NO, SO2, CO, CO2, HCl, and O2 in the post-combustion... [more]
Potential of Straw for Energy Purposes in Poland—Forecasts Based on Trend and Causal Models
Piotr Gradziuk, Barbara Gradziuk, Anna Trocewicz, Błażej Jendrzejewski
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: agriculture residues, Biofuels, forecasting, Modelling, Poland, renewable energy sources, straw
The mitigation of climate change poses a major challenge to the legal framework which aims to stimulate the development of renewable energy sources. The European Union’s direction for the use of renewable energy is distributed generation and an increased use of by-products and organic waste, especially in the production of next-generation biofuels. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the production potential of straw in Poland and the possibility of its use for energy purposes, including a forecast for 2030, on the assumption that the management of this resource is in accordance with the provisions of the Polish Code for Good Agriculture Practice. In Poland, in the years 1999−2018, the average annual surplus of straw harvested over agricultural consumption equalled 12.5 million tons (4.2 Mtoe). Its largest surpluses were in the Dolnośląskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lubelskie, Wielkopolskie, and Zachodniopomorskie voivodeships (NUTS2). Based on the developed panel models, forecasts fo... [more]
Modified Activated Graphene-Based Carbon Electrodes from Rice Husk for Supercapacitor Applications
Mukhtar Yeleuov, Christopher Seidl, Tolganay Temirgaliyeva, Azamat Taurbekov, Nicholay Prikhodko, Bakytzhan Lesbayev, Fail Sultanov, Chingis Daulbayev, Serik Kumekov
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: activated rice husk, few-layer graphene, nickel hydroxide, supercapacitor electrode
The renewable biomass material obtained from rice husk, a low-cost agricultural waste, was used as a precursor to synthesize a highly porous graphene-based carbon as electrode material for supercapacitors. Activated graphene-based carbon (AGC) was obtained by a two-step chemical procedure and exhibited a very high specific surface area (SSA) of 3292 m2 g−1. The surface morphology of the synthesized materials was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). Furthermore, the AGC was modified with nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)2 through a simple chemical precipitation method. It was found that the most significant increase in capacitance could be reached with Ni(OH)2 loadings of around 9 wt.%. The measured specific capacitance of the pure AGC supercapacitor electrodes was 236 F g−1, whereas electrodes from the material modified with 9 wt.% Ni(OH)2 showed a specific capacitance of up to 300 F g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1. The increase in specific capacitance ac... [more]
On the Influence of the Ammonium Nitrate(V) Provenance on Its Usefulness for the Manufacture of ANFO Type Explosives
Andrzej Biessikirski, Łukasz Kuterasiński, Michał Dworzak, Michał Twardosz, Maciej Tatko, Bogna Daria Napruszewska
April 3, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: ammonium nitrate (V), ANFO, morphology, TGA, thermal decomposition
Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) samples based on fertilizer (AN-F) and ammonium nitrate porous prill (AN-PP) were studied. Tests were carried out using both a thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM) of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN) concerning either their surface or cross-section was performed. Based on the SEM results, it was shown that the surface of AN-F grains was flat and slightly deformed, while the AN-PP surface was wrinkled and deformed. Furthermore, the various steps of thermogravimetric process exhibited continuous AN phase transition according to precise temperatures. From TGA analysis, a significant mass loss was found as a result of ANFO decomposition. Direct comparison of SEM and TGA/DCS data led to the conclusion that ANFO based on AN-F was characterized by lower absorption of FO in contrast to AN-PP.
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