Abstract
Steel mill off gas fermentation presents a promising green alternative to petrochemical isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol, IPA) and acetone production while potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A pilot-scale study stated negative global warming potential (GWP) at 85% gas conversion and 90% product selectivity. However, industrial-scale plant design including detailed techno-economic assessment (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) remain undescribed. Therefore, this study modelled a heat-integrated 47.5 kton/ year gas fermentation process to IPA and acetone, based on pilot-scale data. The downstream processing was designed using vacuum distillation and heat-pump integrated (extractive) distillation to purify the 50 gproduct/ L broth with biomass and acetate as byproducts, to obtain 41.8 kton/ year of 99.6 wt. % IPA and 5.64 kton/ year of 99.0 wt. % acetone. Notably, no steam is consumed and 2.6 MWh of electricity is generated by utilising the energy from the steel mill off gas. The estimated unit production cost (UPC; 0.57 $/kgproduct) is significantly below market prices (1.65 $/ kgIPA and 1.45 $/ kgacetone). Moreover, the cradle-to-gate LCA gave GWPs of -1.42 kgCO2-eq/ kgIPA and -1.25 kgCO2-eq/ kgacetone, mainly due to avoided steel mill emissions. Other environmental impacts studied were also lower than for petrochemical production. Only the freshwater use is higher (70 L/ kgIPA and 62 L/ kgacetone) compared to petrochemical production (16 L/ kgIPA and 28 L/ kgacetone). Future research should study the impact of IPA and acetone selectivity and titer on the economic and environmental sustainability of steel mill off gas fermentation to IPA and acetone.