Abstract
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells are gaining traction in automotive applications due to their efficiency and environmental benefits, but they face challenges such as high costs, degradation rates, and limited hydrogen availability. To address these issues, novel operational methods have been developed, focusing on customized designs rather than traditional uniform configurations. These advancements include the variable temperature flow field, which maintains high relative humidity without external humidification by leveraging internally generated water and heat, and graded catalyst loading, which enhances current density distribution. Additionally, complex flow fields have been designed using 3D metal printing to mitigate liquid water accumulation. These innovations have shown significant performance improvements, particularly when combined, demonstrating a 260% increase in current density at 0.6 V. These advancements hold promise for overcoming the limitations of conventional PEM fuel cell designs and enhancing their viability for commercial applications.