The global increase in antibiotics consumption has caused hazardous concentrations of these antimicrobials to be present in soils, mainly due to the spreading of sewage sludge (or manure or slurry) and wastewater, and they could enter the food chain, posing serious risks to the environment and human health. One of these substances of concern is cefuroxime (CFX). To face antibiotics-related environmental pollution, adsorption is one of the most widely used techniques, with cost-effective and environmentally friendly byproducts being of clear interest to retain pollutants and increase the adsorption capacity of soils. In light of this, in this work, three low-cost bioadsorbents (pine bark, oak ash, and mussel shell) were added to different soil samples (at doses of 12 and 48 t/ha) to study their effects on the adsorption of CFX. Specifically, batch experiments were carried out for mixtures of soils and bioadsorbents, adding a range of different antibiotic concentrations at a fixed ionic strength. The results showed that the addition of pine bark (with pH = 3.99) increased the adsorption to 100% in most cases, while oak ash (pH = 11.31) and mussel shell (pH = 9.39) caused a clearly lower increase in adsorption (which, in some cases, even decreased). The Freundlich and linear models showed rather good adjustment to the experimental data when the bioadsorbents were added at both doses, while the Langmuir model showed error values which were too high in many cases. Regarding desorption, it was lower than 6% for the soils without bioadsorbents, and there was no desorption when the soils received bioadsorbent amendments. These results show that the addition of appropriate low-cost bioadsorbents to soils can be effective for adsorbing CFX, helping in the prevention of environmental pollution due to this emerging contaminant, which is a result of clear relevance to environmental and human health.