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LAPSE:2023.35580

Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells

Suresh K. Podapangi, Laura Mancini, Jie Xu, Sathy Harshavardhan Reddy, Aldo Di Carlo, Thomas M. Brown, Gloria Zanotti

May 23, 2023

Abstract
Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have attracted attention due to their low cost, easy solution processability, high efficiency, and scalability. However, the benchmark expensive hole transport material (HTM) 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-MeOTAD), which is traditionally solution-processed with toxic solvents such as chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), or toluene, is a bottleneck. To address this issue, this work investigates the implementation of Zn(II), Cu(II), or Co(II) tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanines (TBU4-Cu, TBU4-Zn, TBU4-Co), established macrocyclic derivatives whose synthesis and processing inside the devices have been redesigned to be more environmentally sustainable and cost-effective by substituting conventional solvents with greener alternatives such as anisole, propane-1,2-diol, and their mixture, as dopant-free HTMs in planar n-i-p PSCs. The anisole-processed HTMs provided power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 12.27% for TBU4-Cu and 11.73% for TBU4-Zn, with better photovoltaic parameters than the corresponding cells made with chlorobenzene for which the best results obtained were, respectively, 12.22% and 10.81%.

Record ID

LAPSE:2023.35580

Keywords

anisole, green synthesis, hybrid perovskites, porphyrinoids, propylene glycol

Subject

Materials

Suggested Citation

Podapangi SK, Mancini L, Xu J, Reddy SH, Di Carlo A, Brown TM, Zanotti G. Green Anisole Solvent-Based Synthesis and Deposition of Phthalocyanine Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. (2023). LAPSE:2023.35580

Author Affiliations

Podapangi SK: C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
Mancini L: Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
Xu J: C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
Reddy SH: C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [ORCID]
Di Carlo A: C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma Tor Ve
Brown TM: C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
Zanotti G: Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy [ORCID]

Journal Name

Energies

Volume

Issue

First Page

3643

Year

2023

Publication Date

2023-04-24

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093643