Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production

Chung Yiin Wong; Kunlanan Kiatkittipong; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Jun Wei Lim; Man Kee Lam; Ta Yeong Wu; Pau Loke Show; Hanita Daud; Pei Sean Goh; Mina Sakuragi; Elfis

LAPSE

Living Archive for Process Systems Engineering

LAPSE:2022.0151

Published Article

LAPSE:2022.0151

Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production

Chung Yiin Wong, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Jun Wei Lim, Man Kee Lam, Ta Yeong Wu, Pau Loke Show, Hanita Daud, Pei Sean Goh, Mina Sakuragi, Elfis

November 27, 2022

Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ- rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.

Record ID

LAPSE:2022.0151

Keywords

biodiesel, black soldier fly, fungal fermentation, lipid, protein, Rhizopus oligosporus

Subject

Other

Suggested Citation

Wong CY, Kiatkittipong K, Kiatkittipong W, Lim JW, Lam MK, Wu TY, Show PL, Daud H, Goh PS, Sakuragi M, Elfis. Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production. (2022). LAPSE:2022.0151

Author Affiliations

Wong CY: Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia [ORCID]
Kiatkittipong K: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand [ORCID]
Kiatkittipong W: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand [ORCID]
Lim JW: Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia [ORCID]
Lam MK: Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Wu TY: Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform (MIPO), School of Engineering, Monash University
Show PL: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia [ORCID]
Daud H: Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Mathematical and Statistical Science, Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Goh PS: Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Sakuragi M: Department of Nanoscience, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
Elfis: Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru 28284, Riau, Indonesia

Journal Name

Processes

Volume

9

Issue

2

First Page

299

Year

2021

Publication Date

2021-02-05