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Showing records 112 to 136 of 1388. [First] Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Last
Voltage Estimation Method for Power Distribution Networks Using High-Precision Measurements
Chan-Hyeok Oh, Seok-Il Go, Joon-Ho Choi, Seon-Ju Ahn, Sang-Yun Yun
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: high-precision measurement, radial distribution network, section load center, voltage estimation
In this study, we propose a voltage estimation method for the radial distribution network with distributed generators (DGs) using high-precision measurements (HPMs). The proposed method uses the section loads center for voltage estimation because individual loads are not measured in the distribution system. The bus voltage was estimated through correction of the section load center by using an HPM at the end of the main feeder. The correction parameter of the section load center was calculated by comparing the initial voltage estimates and the measurements of the HPMs. After that, the voltage of the main feeder was re-estimated. Finally, the bus voltage in the lateral feeder was estimated based on the voltage estimates in the main feeder and the current measurements in the lateral feeder. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm was verified through case studies by using test systems implemented in MATLAB, Simulink, and Python environments. In order to verify the utilization of the propo... [more]
Analyzing the Hydroelectricity Variability on Power Markets from a System Dynamics and Dynamic Systems Perspective: Seasonality and ENSO Phenomenon
José D. Morcillo, Fabiola Angulo, Carlos J. Franco
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: bifurcations, dynamic systems, ENSO phenomenon, hydroelectricity variability, system dynamics
In this paper, the variations in hydropower generation are addressed considering the seasonality and ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) episodes. The dynamic hypothesis and the stock-flow structure of the Colombian electricity market were analyzed. Moreover, its dynamic behavior was analyzed by using Dynamic Systems tools aimed at providing deep insight into the system. The MATLAB/Simulink model was used to evaluate the Colombian electricity market. Since we combine System Dynamics and Dynamic Systems, this methodology provides a novel insight and a deeper analysis compared with System Dynamics models and can be easily implemented by policymakers to suggest improvements in regulation or market structures. We also provide a detailed description of the Colombian electricity market dynamics under a broad range of demand growth rate scenarios inspired by the bifurcation and control theory of Dynamic Systems.
Time Series Clustering of Electricity Demand for Industrial Areas on Smart Grid
Heung-gu Son, Yunsun Kim, Sahm Kim
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: DSHW, NN-AR, smart grid, TBATS, time-series clustering
This study forecasts electricity demand in a smart grid environment. We present a prediction method that uses a combination of forecasting values based on time-series clustering. The clustering of normalized periodogram-based distances and autocorrelation-based distances are proposed as the time-series clustering methods. Trigonometrical transformation, Box−Cox transformation, autoregressive moving average (ARMA) errors, trend and seasonal components (TBATS), double seasonal Holt−Winters (DSHW), fractional autoregressive integrated moving average (FARIMA), ARIMA with regression (Reg-ARIMA), and neural network nonlinear autoregressive (NN-AR) are used for demand forecasting based on clustering. The results show that the time-series clustering method performs better than the method using the total amount of electricity demand in terms of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
Stacked Boosters Network Architecture for Short-Term Load Forecasting in Buildings
Tuukka Salmi, Jussi Kiljander, Daniel Pakkala
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: deep neural networks, short-term load forecasting
This paper presents a novel deep learning architecture for short-term load forecasting of building energy loads. The architecture is based on a simple base learner and multiple boosting systems that are modelled as a single deep neural network. The architecture transforms the original multivariate time series into multiple cascading univariate time series. Together with sparse interactions, parameter sharing and equivariant representations, this approach makes it possible to combat against overfitting while still achieving good presentation power with a deep network architecture. The architecture is evaluated in several short-term load forecasting tasks with energy data from an office building in Finland. The proposed architecture outperforms state-of-the-art load forecasting model in all the tasks.
Transmission Lines in Poland and Space Weather Effects
Agnieszka Gil, Renata Modzelewska, Szczepan Moskwa, Agnieszka Siluszyk, Marek Siluszyk, Anna Wawrzynczak, Mariusz Pozoga, Sebastian Domijanski
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: electrical grids failures, geomagnetic storms, solar activity, space weather effects, transmission lines in Poland
We analyze the solar influence of space weather events on Polish energy infrastructure via geomagnetic disturbances. We consider two time intervals of very different levels of solar activity (SA) in the course of the solar activity cycle 24: 2010—an early rising phase of SA, near the solar minimum and 2014—solar maximum. From the total number of electrical grid failures, we extract almost five thousand failures in 2010 and more than ten thousand in 2014, which could be related to space weather effects. We analyze data of failures having unidentified causes, failures coupled with the aging of transmission network elements and electronic devices, which appeared during the time intervals of enhanced geomagnetic activity. We show that around the times of increasing geomagnetic activity level, the amount of transmission lines failures in the groups mentioned above grows, but mostly with some delay. It might be connected to some cumulative effect due to the result of transient states and the... [more]
Flattening the Electricity Demand Profile of Office Buildings for Future-Proof Smart Grids
Rick Cox, Shalika Walker, Joep van der Velden, Phuong Nguyen, Wim Zeiler
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: demand forecasting, electricity, flexibility, HVAC, office building, Smart Grid
The built environment has the potential to contribute to maintaining a reliable grid at the demand side by offering flexibility services to a future Smart Grid. In this study, an office building is used to demonstrate forecast-driven building energy flexibility by operating a Battery Electric Storage System (BESS). The objective of this study is, therefore, to stabilize/flatten a building energy demand profile with the operation of a BESS. First, electricity demand forecasting models are developed and assessed for each individual load group of the building based on their characteristics. For each load group, the prediction models show Coefficient of Variation of the Root Mean Square Error (CVRMSE) values below 30%, which indicates that the prediction models are suitable for use in engineering applications. An operational strategy is developed aiming at meeting the flattened electricity load shape objective. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the flattened load shape... [more]
Global Harmonic Parameters for Estimation of Power Quality Indices: An Approach for PMUs
David Granados-Lieberman
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: global harmonic parameters, harmonic PMU, PMU applications, power quality index, power quantities
For wide-area measurement systems and smart grids, phasor measurement units (PMUs) have become key elements since they provide synchronized information related to the fundamental frequency components of voltages and currents. In recent years, some works have extended the concept of PMU to harmonic analysis due to the proliferation of nonlinear loads. In this work, as a first contribution, the reference model for P-class and M-class PMUs provided by the IEEE Standard C37.118.1 is expanded with the aim of obtaining the harmonic information and electric power quantities. Additionally, as a second contribution, the approach of global harmonic parameters (GHPs) for PMUs is proposed. Specifically, GHPs are introduced in this work as unified quantities regarding the overall harmonic content of voltages and currents signals. With the help of these parameters, the estimation of power quality indices (PQIs) according to the IEEE Standard 1459 can be carried out but with an important advantage, i... [more]
Examining the Interactive Endogeneity Relationship between R&D Investment and Financially Sustainable Performance: Comparison from Different Types of Energy Enterprises
Kalon Si, Xin Long Xu, Hsing Hung Chen
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: D investment, endogenous relationship, energy enterprises, executive incentive, financially sustainable performance, R&
This paper employs the cluster analysis to classify the energy sector into three types, namely, technology-, capital-, and labor-intensive energy company. It then studies the interactive endogenous relationship between R&D investment and financially sustainable performance and the moderate effect of the executive incentive through three-stage least squares (3SLS) of the simultaneous equations model (SEM). The results show that for the technology-intensive energy company, an increase in the previous period in R&D investment improves the current period of financially sustainable performance, and the improvement in the current period in financially sustainable performance results in a decline in financially sustainable performance in the next period, which demands an increase in R&D investment subsequently. In contrast, for the capital-intensive energy company, R&D investment can significantly improve the financially sustainable performance in the current period, and the improvement in fi... [more]
High Impedance Fault Detection and Location in Combined Overhead Line and Underground Cable Distribution Networks Equipped with Data Loggers
Saeid Khavari, Rahman Dashti, Hamid Reza Shaker, Athila Santos
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: distribution networks, fault location, high impedance faults, protection coordination, smart grid
Power distribution networks are vulnerable to different faults, which compromise the grid performance and need to be managed effectively. Automatic and accurate fault detection and location are key components of effective fault management. This paper proposes a new framework for fault detection and location for smart distribution networks that are equipped with data loggers. The framework supports networks with mixed overhead lines and underground cables. The proposed framework consists of area detection, faulty section identification, and high impedance fault location. Firstly, the faulty zone and section are detected based on the operation of over-current relays and digital fault recorders. Then, by comparing the recorded traveling times at both ends of lines, which are related to the protection zone, the faulty line is identified. In the last step, the location of the fault is estimated based on discrete wavelet transform. The proposed method is tested on a 20 kV 13 node network, wh... [more]
Forecasting of Day-Ahead Natural Gas Consumption Demand in Greece Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
Konstantinos Papageorgiou, Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou, Katarzyna Poczeta, Dionysis Bochtis, George Stamoulis
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: ANFIS, energy forecasting, fuzzy cognitive maps, Natural Gas, neural networks, neuro-fuzzy, prediction, soft computing
(1) Background: Forecasting of energy consumption demand is a crucial task linked directly with the economy of every country all over the world. Accurate natural gas consumption forecasting allows policy makers to formulate natural gas supply planning and apply the right strategic policies in this direction. In order to develop a real accurate natural gas (NG) prediction model for Greece, we examine the application of neuro-fuzzy models, which have recently shown significant contribution in the energy domain. (2) Methods: The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a flexible and easy to use modeling method in the area of soft computing, integrating both neural networks and fuzzy logic principles. The present study aims to develop a proper ANFIS architecture for time series modeling and prediction of day-ahead natural gas demand. (3) Results: An efficient and fast ANFIS architecture is built based on neuro-fuzzy exploration performance for energy demand prediction using histor... [more]
Assessment of Permian Zubers as the Host Rock for Deep Geological Disposal
Leszek Lankof
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: deep geological disposal, geomechanical properties, radioactive waste, radionuclide sorption, rock salt, sustainable development, zuber rock
Together with renewable energy sources, nuclear power represents an important contribution to a sustainable energy mix in many countries and has an important impact on sustainable development. Nuclear energy production is also a source of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF), which require special concern. Disposal in deep geological formations is one of the solutions for the long-term management of HLW and SNF. It requires the development of a concept ensuring long-term safe isolation of waste and its validation applying the safety case methodology, which is a formal compilation of evidence, analyses and arguments that quantify and justify a claim that the repository will be safe. The results of laboratory testing of a potential repository host rock are an important component of the evidence that helps in the safety assessment of the deep geological disposal concept. This paper presents results of research focused on the physical, geomechanical and sorption... [more]
Distributed Energy Resources Management 2018
Pedro Faria, Zita Vale
April 25, 2023 (v1)
The Special Issue “Distributed Energy Resources Management 2018” includes 13 papers [...]
Integrated Approach for Network Observability and State Estimation in Active Distribution Grid
Basanta Raj Pokhrel, Birgitte Bak-Jensen, Jayakrishnan R. Pillai
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: active distribution system, grid observability, meter allocation, parameter estimation
This paper presents a unique integrated approach to meter placement and state estimation to ensure the network observability of active distribution systems. It includes observability checking, minimum measurement utilization, network state estimation, and trade-off evaluation between the number of real measurements used and the accuracy of the estimated state. In network parameter estimation, observability assessment is a preliminary task. It is handled by data analysis and filtering followed by calculation of the triangular factors of the singular, symmetric gain matrix using an algebraic method. Usually, to cover the deficiency of essential real measurements in distribution systems, huge numbers of virtual measurements are used. These pseudo measurements are calculated values, which are based on the network parameters, real measurements, and forecasted load/generation. Due to the application of a huge number of pseudo-measurements, large margins of error exists in the calculation pha... [more]
Coupling Structural Decomposition Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis to Investigate CO2 Emission Intensity in China
Ling Li, Ling Tang, Junrong Zhang
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: China, CO2 emission intensity, Input-output model, SDA, Sensitivity analysis, Structural decomposition analysis
A coupled structural decomposition analysis (SDA) and sensitivity analysis approach is developed to explore the drivers of China’s CO2 emission intensity at both general and sectoral levels and from both ex-post and ex-ante perspectives. Two steps are involved—structural decomposition and sensitivity analysis. First, the popular factor decomposition method, SDA, is implemented to identify which drivers “have” made the largest contribution to emission intensity changes. Second, an emerging ex-ante approach, sensitivity analysis, is introduced to answer how and to what extent such drivers “will” influence future emission intensity at a sectoral level. Based on China’s input-output tables for 1997−2012, the empirical study provides a hotspot map of China’s energy system. (1) Direct-emission coefficient and technology coefficient are observed as the top two overall drivers. (2) For the former, reducing direct-emission coefficient in an emission-intensity sector (e.g., electricity and heat... [more]
Towards Optimal Management in Microgrids: An Overview
Álex Omar Topa Gavilema, José Domingo Álvarez, José Luis Torres Moreno, Manuel Pérez García
April 25, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: microgrid control, microgrid management, Optimization
A microgrid is a set of decentralized loads and electricity sources, mainly renewable. It can operate connected to and synchronized with a traditional wide-area synchronous grid, i.e., a macrogrid, but can also be disconnected to operate in “island mode” or “isolated mode”. When this microgrid is able to manage its own resources and loads through the use of smart meters, smart appliances, control systems, and the like, it is referred to as a smart grid. Therefore, the management and the distribution of the energy inside the microgrid is an important issue, especially when operating in isolated mode. This work presents an overview of the different solutions that have been tested during the last few years to manage microgrids. The review shows the variety of mature and tested solutions for managing microgrids with different configurations and under several approaches.
Effects of Mass and Damping on Flow-Induced Vibration of a Cylinder Interacting with the Wake of Another Cylinder at High Reduced Velocities
Md. Mahbub Alam
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: damping ratio, energy harvesting, flow-induced vibration, mass ratio, reduced velocity, vibration response, wake interaction
Flow-induced vibration is a canonical issue in various engineering fields, leading to fatigue or immediate damage to structures. This paper numerically investigates flow-induced vibrations of a cylinder interacting with the wake of another cylinder at a Reynolds number Re = 150. It sheds light on the effects of mass ratio m*, damping ratio, and mass-damping ratio m*ζ on vibration amplitude ratio A/D at different reduced velocities Ur and cylinder spacing ratios L/D = 1.5 and 3.0. A couple of interesting observations are made. The m* has a greater influence on A/D than ζ although both m* and ζ cause reductions in A/D. The m* effect on A/D is strong for m* = 2−16 but weak for m* > 16. As opposed to a single isolated cylinder case, the mass-damping m*ζ is not found to be a unique parameter for a cylinder oscillating in a wake. The vortices in the wake decay rapidly at small ζ. Alternate reattachment of the gap shear layers on the wake cylinder fuels the vibration of the wake cylinder for... [more]
Reconfigurable Power Quality Analyzer Applied to Hardware-in-Loop Test Bench
Jahangir Badar, Saddaqat Ali, Hafiz Mudassir Munir, Veer Bhan, Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari, Jong-Suk Ro
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: compact reconfigurable input–output (CRIO), field programmable gate array (FPGA), hardware-in-loop (HIL), LabVIEW, power quality indices (PQI), real time (RT)
Integration of renewable energy resources and conventional grids leads to an increase in power quality issues. These power quality issues require different standards to be followed for accurate measurement and monitoring of various parameters of the power system. Conventional power quality analyzers (PQAs) are programmed to a particular standard and cannot be reconfigured by the end user. Therefore, conventional PQAs cannot meet the challenges of a rapidly changing grid. In this regard, a Compact RIO-based (CRIO-based) PQA was proposed, that can be easily reprogrammed and cope with the challenges faced by conventional PQAs. The salient features of the proposed PQA are a high processing speed, interactive interface, and high-quality data-storage capacity. Moreover, unlike conventional PQAs, the proposed PQA can be monitored remotely via the internet. In this research, a hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulation is used for performing the power-quality assessment in a systematic manner. Power qu... [more]
Increasing the Utilization of Existing Infrastructures by Using the Newly Introduced Boundary Voltage Limits
Daniel-Leon Schultis, Albana Ilo
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: boundary voltage limits, grid model, LINK, load flow, lumped model, radial grid, smart grid
The increasing share of distributed generation aggravates voltage limit compliance at customers’ delivery points. Currently, grid operators validate compliance with the voltage limits specified in Grid Codes by conducting load flow simulations at the medium voltage level, considering the connected low voltage grids as ‘loads’ to reduce the modeling effort. This approach does not support the accurate validation of limit compliance, as the voltage drops at the low voltage level are unknown. Nevertheless, to guarantee acceptable voltages even under worst-case conditions, safety margins are involved that impair the utilization of the electricity infrastructure. This study conducts load flows simulations in a test distribution grid, revealing the variable character of the voltage limits at different system boundaries. The conventional load model is extended by new parameters—the boundary voltage limits—to enable the consideration of variable voltage limits in load flow analysis of LINK-base... [more]
The Current State of the Art in Research on Predictive Maintenance in Smart Grid Distribution Network: Fault’s Types, Causes, and Prediction Methods—A Systematic Review
Moamin A. Mahmoud, Naziffa Raha Md Nasir, Mathuri Gurunathan, Preveena Raj, Salama A. Mostafa
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: faults detection, predictive maintenance, smart grid, systematic review
With the exponential growth of science, Internet of Things (IoT) innovation, and expanding significance in renewable energy, Smart Grid has become an advanced innovative thought universally as a solution for the power demand increase around the world. The smart grid is the most practical trend of effective transmission of present-day power assets. The paper aims to survey the present literature concerning predictive maintenance and different types of faults that could be detected within the smart grid. Four databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science) were searched between 2012 and 2020. Sixty-five (n = 65) were chosen based on specified exclusion and inclusion criteria. Fifty-seven percent (n = 37/65) of the studies analyzed the issues from predictive maintenance perspectives, while about 18% (n = 12/65) focused on factors-related review studies on the smart grid and about 15% (n = 10/65) focused on factors related to the experimental study. The remaining 9% (n =... [more]
Split Cantilever Multi-Resonant Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Low-Frequency Application
David Omooria Masara, Hassan El Gamal, Ossama Mokhiamar
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: finite element method, low frequency, multi-resonant, piezoelectric energy harvesting
This paper presents a new way to design a broadband harvester for harvesting high energy over a low-frequency range of 10−15 Hz. The design comprises a cantilever beam with two parallel grooves to form three dissimilar length parallel branches, each with an unequal concentrated tip mass. The piezoelectric material covers the whole length on both sides of the beam to form a bimorph. Appropriate geometry and mass magnitudes are obtained by a parametric study using the Finite Element Method. The design was simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics to study its response. The first three bending modes were utilized in energy harvesting, resulting in three power peaks at their respective fundamental frequencies. The adequate load resistance determined was 5.62 kΩ, at which maximum power can be harvested. The proposed harvester was compared to two other harvesters presented in the literature for validation: First, an optimized conventional harvester while the proposed harvester is operating at adequat... [more]
Optimizing the Size of Autonomous Hybrid Microgrids with Regard to Load Shifting
Alexander Lavrik, Yuri Zhukovskiy, Pavel Tcvetkov
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: demand response, Diesel, photovoltaic system, renewable, storage, wind turbine
The article proposes a method of multipurpose optimization of the size of an autonomous hybrid energy system consisting of photovoltaic, wind, diesel, and battery energy storage systems, and including a load-shifting system. The classical iterative Gauss−Seidel method was applied to optimize the size of a hybrid energy system in a remote settlement on Sakhalin Island. As a result of the optimization according to the minimum net present value criterion, several optimal configurations corresponding to different component combinations were obtained. Several optimal configurations were also found, subject to a payback period constraint of 5, 6, and 7 years. Optimizing the size of the hybrid power system with electric load shifting showed that the share of the load not covered by renewable energy sources decreases by 1.25% and 2.1%, depending on the parameters of the load shifting model. Net present cost and payback period also decreased, other technical and economic indicators improved; ho... [more]
Electric Arc Furnaces as a Cause of Current and Voltage Asymmetry
Zbigniew Olczykowski
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: arc furnace, current and voltage asymmetry, power quality, voltage fluctuations
In the case of three-phase arc furnaces, two types of asymmetry can be distinguished: constructional and operational. The structural asymmetry is related to the construction of high-current circuits supplying the arc furnace. The knowledge of the parameters of the high-current circuit allows to determine the operating characteristics of the arc device. The author proposed a method for calculating the real values of the resistance and reactance of the high-current circuit. For this purpose, tests were made to short-circuit the electrodes with the charge. During the short-circuit, with the use of a power quality analyzer, measurements of electrical indicators were carried out, which allow to determine the parameters of the high-current circuit. A new method for determining voltage operational unbalance is also presented in this paper. The theoretical considerations presented in the article were verified in industrial conditions.
Real-Time Dynamic Behavior Evaluation of Active Distribution Networks Leveraging Low-Cost PMUs
Xuejun Zheng, Shaorong Wang, Xin Su, Mengmeng Xiao, Zia Ullah, Xin Hu, Chang Ye
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: active distribution network, dynamic characteristics assessment, dynamic index, low-cost PMUs
The investigation of real-time dynamic behavior evaluation in the active distribution networks (ADNs) is a challenging task, and it has great importance due to the emerging trend of distributed generations, electric vehicles, and flexible loads integration. The advent of new elements influences the dynamic behavior of the electric distribution networks and increases the assessment complexity. However, the proper implementation of low-cost phasor measurement units (PMUs) together with the development of power system applications offer tremendous benefits. Therefore, this paper proposes a PMU-based multi-dimensional dynamic index approach for real-time dynamic behavior evaluation of ADNs. The proposed evaluation model follows the assessment principles of accuracy, integrity, practicability, and adaptability. Additionally, we introduced low-cost PMUs in the assessment model and implemented them for real-time and high-precision monitoring of dynamic behaviors in the entire distribution net... [more]
A New Approach for Satellite-Based Probabilistic Solar Forecasting with Cloud Motion Vectors
Thomas Carrière, Rodrigo Amaro e Silva, Fuqiang Zhuang, Yves-Marie Saint-Drenan, Philippe Blanc
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: cloud motion vector, geostationary satellite, probabilistic forecast, PV, solar
Probabilistic solar forecasting is an issue of growing relevance for the integration of photovoltaic (PV) energy. However, for short-term applications, estimating the forecast uncertainty is challenging and usually delegated to statistical models. To address this limitation, the present work proposes an approach which combines physical and statistical foundations and leverages on satellite-derived clear-sky index (kc) and cloud motion vectors (CMV), both traditionally used for deterministic forecasting. The forecast uncertainty is estimated by using the CMV in a different way than the one generally used by standard CMV-based forecasting approach and by implementing an ensemble approach based on a Gaussian noise-adding step to both the kc and the CMV estimations. Using 15-min average ground-measured Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) data for two locations in France as reference, the proposed model shows to largely surpass the baseline probabilistic forecast Complete History Persistence... [more]
On the Assessment of Cyber Risks and Attack Surfaces in a Real-Time Co-Simulation Cybersecurity Testbed for Inverter-Based Microgrids
Kirti Gupta, Subham Sahoo, Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Frede Blaabjerg, Petar Popovski
April 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: cyber-physical system (CPS), cybersecurity, distributed secondary control (DSC), DNP3, GOOSE, microgrids, Modbus, SMV, vulnerabilities
The integration of variable distributed generations (DGs) and loads in microgrids (MGs) has made the reliance on communication systems inevitable for information exchange in both control and protection architectures to enhance the overall system reliability, resiliency and sustainability. This communication backbone in turn also exposes MGs to potential malicious cyber attacks. To study these vulnerabilities and impacts of various cyber attacks, testbeds play a crucial role in managing their complexity. This research work presents a detailed study of the development of a real-time co-simulation testbed for inverter-based MGs. It consists of a OP5700 real-time simulator, which is used to emulate both the physical and cyber layer of an AC MG in real time through HYPERSIM software; and SEL-3530 Real-Time Automation Controller (RTAC) hardware configured with ACSELERATOR RTAC SEL-5033 software. A human−machine interface (HMI) is used for local/remote monitoring and control. The creation and... [more]
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