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Records Added in January 2019
Records added in January 2019
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Showing records 151 to 175 of 220. [First] Page: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Last
Thermal Hydraulic Performance in a Solar Air Heater Channel with Multi V-Type Perforated Baffles
Anil Kumar, Man-Hoe Kim
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: friction factor, heat transfer enhancement, perforated baffle, solar air heater (SAH) channel, solar energy
This article presents heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in a solar air heater (SAH) channel with multi V-type perforated baffles. The flow passage has an aspect ratio of 10. The relative baffle height, relative pitch, relative baffle hole position, flow attack angle, and baffle open area ratio are 0.6, 8.0, 0.42, 60°, and 12%, respectively. The Reynolds numbers considered in the study was in the range of 3000⁻10,000. The re-normalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model has been used for numerical analysis, and the optimum relative baffle width has been investigated considering relative baffle widths of 1.0⁻7.0.The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data for the range considered in the study. Multi V-type perforated baffles are shown to have better thermal performance as compared to other baffle shapes in a rectangular passage. The overall thermal hydraulic performance shows the maximum value at the relative baffle width of 5.0.
New Electro-Thermal Battery Pack Model of an Electric Vehicle
Muhammed Alhanouti, Martin Gießler, Thomas Blank, Frank Gauterin
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: battery circuit model, electric vehicle, new OCV model, synthesized battery model, temperature influence, thermal model
Since the evolution of the electric and hybrid vehicle, the analysis of batteries’ characteristics and influence on driving range has become essential. This fact advocates the necessity of accurate simulation modeling for batteries. Different models for the Li-ion battery cell are reviewed in this paper and a group of the highly dynamic models is selected for comparison. A new open circuit voltage (OCV) model is proposed. The new model can simulate the OCV curves of lithium iron magnesium phosphate (LiFeMgPO₄) battery type at different temperatures. It also considers both charging and discharging cases. The most remarkable features from different models, in addition to the proposed OCV model, are integrated in a single hybrid electrical model. A lumped thermal model is implemented to simulate the temperature development in the battery cell. The synthesized electro-thermal battery cell model is extended to model a battery pack of an actual electric vehicle. Experimental tests on the bat... [more]
Energy Management in Prosumer Communities: A Coordinated Approach
Rodrigo Verschae, Takekazu Kato, Takashi Matsuyama
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: cooperative distributed protocol, coordinated energy management, demand response, demand-side management, prosumer community, smart community
The introduction of uncontrollable renewable energy is having a positive impact on our health, the climate, and the economy, but it is also pushing the limits of the power system. The main reason for this is that, in any power system, the generation and consumption must match each other at all times. Thus, if we want to further introduce uncontrollable generation, we need a large ability to manage the demand. However, the ability to control the power consumption of existing demand management approaches is limited, and most of these approaches cannot contribute to the introduction of reneweables, because they do not consider distributed uncontrolled consumption and generation in the control. Furthermore, these methods do not allow users to exchange or jointly manage their power generation and consumption. In this context, we propose an augmented energy management model for prosumers (i.e., producer and consumer). This model considers controlled and uncontrolled generation and consumptio... [more]
Risk Assessment of Distribution Networks Considering the Charging-Discharging Behaviors of Electric Vehicles
Jun Yang, Wanmeng Hao, Lei Chen, Jiejun Chen, Jing Jin, Feng Wang
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: charging or discharging load, electric vehicles, probabilistic load flow, risk assessment, time-of-use price, vehicle to grid
Electric vehicles (EVs) have received wide attention due to their higher energy efficiency and lower emissions. However, the random charging and discharging behaviors of substantial numbers of EVs may lead to safety risk problems in a distribution network. Reasonable price incentives can guide EVs through orderly charging and discharging, and further provide a feasible solution to reduce the operational risk of the distribution network. Considering three typical electricity prices, EV charging/discharging load models are built. Then, a Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF) method using cumulants and Gram-Charlier series is proposed to obtain the power flow of the distribution network including massive numbers of EVs. In terms of the risk indexes of node voltage and line flow, the operational risk of the distribution network can be estimated in detail. From the simulations of an IEEE-33 bus system and an IEEE 69-bus system, the demonstrated results show that reasonable charging and discharging... [more]
Understanding the Contribution of Mining and Transportation to the Total Life Cycle Impacts of Coal Exported from the United States
Michele Mutchek, Gregory Cooney, Gavin Pickenpaugh, Joe Marriott, Timothy Skone
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Subject: Energy Policy
Keywords: Asian markets, climate change, coal exports, electricity, greenhouse gas emissions, impact assessment, Life Cycle Analysis, Powder River Basin, power generation
The construction of two marine bulk terminals in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States are currently under review and would open up additional thermal coal exports to Asia on the order of almost 100 million additional tonnes per year. The major exporters of coal to Asian markets include Indonesia and Australia. This life cycle analysis (LCA) seeks to understand the role of transportation and mining in the cradle-to-busbar environmental impacts of coal exports from the Powder River Basin (PRB) to Asian countries, when compared to the competitor countries. This LCA shows that: (1) the most significant greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts in the cradle-to-busbar life cycle of coal for power generation come from the combustion of coal in a power plant, even when 90% carbon capture is applied; (2) for non-GHG air impacts, power plant combustion impacts are less dominant and variations in upstream impacts (mining and transportation) are more important; and (3) when comparing impacts betw... [more]
Indirect Load Control for Energy Storage Systems Using Incentive Pricing under Time-of-Use Tariff
Mu-Gu Jeong, Seung-Il Moon, Pyeong-Ik Hwang
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: bilevel programming, demand-side management, energy storage system (ESS), indirect load control (ILC)
Indirect load control (ILC) is a method by which the customer determines load reduction of electricity by using a price signal. One of the ILCs is a time-of-use (TOU) tariff, which is the most commonly used time-varying retail pricing. Under the TOU tariff, the customer can reduce the energy cost through an energy storage system (ESS). However, because this tariff is fixed for several months, the ESS operation does not truly reflect the wholesale market price, which could widely fluctuate. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes an incentive pricing method in which the load-serving entity (LSE) gives the incentive pricing signal to the customers with ESSs. Because the ESS charging schedule is determined by the customer through ILC, a bilevel optimization problem that includes the customer optimization problem is utilized to determine the incentive pricing signal. Further, the bilevel optimization problem is reformulated into a one-level problem to be solved by an interior poin... [more]
A Laboratory Study of the Effects of Interbeds on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Shale Formation
Zhiheng Zhao, Xiao Li, Yu Wang, Bo Zheng, Bo Zhang
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Subject: Other
Keywords: failure mechanism, fracture propagation, hydraulic fracturing, interbeds
To investigate how the characteristics of interbeds affect hydraulic fracture propagation in the continental shale formation, a series of 300 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm concrete blocks with varying interbeds, based on outcrop observation and core measurement of Chang 7-2 shale formation, were prepared to conduct the hydraulic fracturing experiments. The results reveal that the breakdown pressure increases with the rise of thickness and strength of interbeds under the same in-situ field stress and injection rate. In addition, for the model blocks with thick and high strength interbeds, the hydraulic fracture has difficulty crossing the interbeds and is prone to divert along the bedding faces, and the fracturing effectiveness is not good. However, for the model blocks with thin and low strength interbeds, more long branches are generated along the main fracture, which is beneficial to the formation of the fracture network. What is more, combining the macroscopic descriptions with microscopic o... [more]
A Novel Method to Magnetic Flux Linkage Optimization of Direct-Driven Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based on Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Qian Xie, Yanbin Zhang, Yanan Yu, Gangquan Si, Ningning Yang, Longfei Luo
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: compact representation, D-SPMSG, finite element analysis (FEA), magnetic flux linkage optimization, nonlinear dynamics
This paper pays attention to magnetic flux linkage optimization of a direct-driven surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous generator (D-SPMSG). A new compact representation of the D-SPMSG nonlinear dynamic differential equations to reduce system parameters is established. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of new D-SPMSG equations in the process of varying magnetic flux linkage are considered, which are illustrated by Lyapunov exponent spectrums, phase orbits, Poincaré maps, time waveforms and bifurcation diagrams, and the magnetic flux linkage stable region of D-SPMSG is acquired concurrently. Based on the above modeling and analyses, a novel method of magnetic flux linkage optimization is presented. In addition, a 2 MW D-SPMSG 2D/3D model is designed by ANSYS software according to the practical design requirements. Finally, five cases of D-SPMSG models with different magnetic flux linkages are simulated by using the finite element analysis (FEA) method. The nepho... [more]
Battery Grouping with Time Series Clustering Based on Affinity Propagation
Zhiwei He, Mingyu Gao, Guojin Ma, Yuanyuan Liu, Lijun Tang
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: affinity propagation, battery grouping, time series clustering, wavelet denoising
Battery grouping is a technology widely used to improve the performance of battery packs. In this paper, we propose a time series clustering based battery grouping method. The proposed method utilizes the whole battery charge/discharge sequence for battery grouping. The time sequences are first denoised with a wavelet denoising technique. The similarity matrix is then computed with the dynamic time warping distance, and finally the time series are clustered with the affinity propagation algorithm according to the calculated similarity matrices. The silhouette index is utilized for assessing the performance of the proposed battery grouping method. Test results show that the proposed battery grouping method is effective.
A Novel Strategy for Optimising Decentralised Energy Exchange for Prosumers
Ang Sha, Marco Aiello
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: distributed energy generation, energy exchange, energy loss, smart grid, smart grid optimisation, topology
The realization of the Smart Grid vision will change the way of producing and distributing electrical energy. It paves the road for end-users to become pro-active in the distribution system and, equipped with renewable energy generators such as a photovoltaic panel, to become a so called “prosumer”. The prosumer is engaged in both energy production and consumption. Prosumers’ energy can be transmitted and exchanged as a commodity between end-users, disrupting the traditional utility model. The appeal of such scenario lies in the engagement of the end user, in facilitating the introduction and optimization of renewables, and in engaging the end-user in its energy management. To facilitate the transition to a prosumers’ governed grid, we propose a novel strategy for optimizing decentralized energy exchange in digitalized power grids, i.e., the Smart Grid. The strategy considers prosumer’s involvement, energy loss of delivery, network topology, and physical constraints of distribution net... [more]
Comparative Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Hardening Options for Critical Loads
Sungmin Park, Sung-Yeul Park, Peng Zhang, Peter Luh, Michel T. J. Rakotomavo, Camilo Serna
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: cost benefit analysis, emergency power supplies, microgrids, Monte Carlo method
In order to determine the most cost effective alternative among hardening options of power systems, the direct monetary benefits should be evaluated above all other things. Therefore, this paper presents a life-cycle cost model which describes total monetary costs experienced in annual time increments during the project with consideration for the time value of money. In addition, to minimize the risks associated with estimated cost errors due to uncertainties of input data, the stochastic input data are considered. Using the Monte Carlo method, the probabilities and cost ranges in the case studies can be predicted, in turn resulting in better decisions in the selection of hardening options which are cost effective.
Industrial Energy Consumption in Northeast China under the Revitalisation Strategy: A Decomposition and Policy Analysis
He Li, Kevin Lo, Mark Wang, Pingyu Zhang, Longyi Xue
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Subject: Energy Policy
Keywords: energy conservation, industrial revitalisation, northeast China, rustbelt
While previous studies have examined China’s changing industrial energy consumption at the national level, this study argues that it is more useful, from a policy standpoint, to conduct a regional-level analysis owing to the significant regional disparity in industrialisation in the country. This study focuses particularly on Northeast China, where the implementation of the Northeast Revitalisation Strategy in 2003 has contributed to rapid reindustrialisation, which has a serious implication for industrial energy consumption. We decompose the region’s energy consumption changes into activity, structure, and intensity effects. Our results show that the intensity effect is not the only negative factor impacting industrial energy consumption during 2003⁻2012. The structure effect also has a negative impact on industrial energy consumption between 2005 and 2012. However, the negative impact of the two factors is weakening and not strong enough to counter the positive impact of the activity... [more]
Earliest Deadline Control of a Group of Heat Pumps with a Single Energy Source
Jiří Fink, Richard P. van Leeuwen
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: combined heat and power control, domestic hot water, floor heating, heat pump control, Model Predictive Control, Optimization, renewable energy integration, smart grids, smart control, thermal storage
In this paper, we develop and investigate the optimal control of a group of 104 heat pumps and a central Combined Heat and Power unit (CHP). The heat pumps supply space heating and domestic hot water to households. Each house has a buffer for domestic hot water and a floor heating system for space heating. Electricity for the heat pumps is generated by a central CHP unit, which also provides thermal energy to a district heating system. The paper reviews recent smart grid control approaches for central and distributed levels. An online algorithm is described based on the earliest deadline first theory that can be used on the aggregator level to control the CHP and to give signals to the heat pump controllers if they should start or should wait. The central controller requires only a limited amount of privacy-insensitive information from the heat pump controllers about their deadlines, which the heat pump controllers calculate for themselves by model predictions. In this way, a robust he... [more]
Artist Photovoltaic Modules
Shui-Yang Lien
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Subject: Other
Keywords: building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), full-color, laser process, photovoltaic (PV) module
In this paper, a full-color photovoltaic (PV) module, called the artist PV module, is developed by laser processes. A full-color image source is printed on the back of a protective glass using an inkjet printer, and a brightened grayscale mask is used to precisely define regions on the module where colors need to be revealed. Artist PV modules with 1.1 × 1.4 m² area have high a retaining power output of 139 W and an aesthetic appearance making them more competitive than other building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) products. Furthermore, the installation of artist PV modules as curtain walls without metal frames is also demonstrated. This type of installation offers an aesthetic advantage by introducing supporting fittings, originating from the field of glass technology. Hence, this paper is expected to elevate BIPV modules to an art form and generate research interests in developing more functional PV modules.
Thermal Perception in the Mediterranean Area: Comparing the Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index (MOCI) to Other Outdoor Thermal Comfort Indices
Iacopo Golasi, Ferdinando Salata, Emanuele de Lieto Vollaro, Massimo Coppi, Andrea de Lieto Vollaro
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Subject: Energy Policy
Keywords: comfort range, field survey, MOCI, outdoor thermal comfort, PET, PMV, statistical analysis, thermal adaptation
Outdoor thermal comfort is an essential factor of people’s everyday life and deeply affects the habitability of outdoor spaces. However the indices used for its evaluation were usually developed for indoor environments assuming still air conditions and absence of solar radiation and were only later adapted to outdoor spaces. For this reason, in a previous study the Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index (MOCI) was developed, which is an empirical index able to estimate the thermal perception of people living in the Mediterranean area. In this study it was compared numerically (by using the data obtained through a field survey) with other selected thermal indices. This comparison, performed in terms of Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient, association Gamma, percentage of correct predictions and cross-tabulation analysis, led to identify the MOCI as the most suitable index to examine outdoor thermal comfort in the interested area. As a matter of fact it showed a total percentage of corre... [more]
A New Fault Diagnosis Algorithm for PMSG Wind Turbine Power Converters under Variable Wind Speed Conditions
Yingning Qiu, Hongxin Jiang, Yanhui Feng, Mengnan Cao, Yong Zhao, Dan Li
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: fault diagnosis, PMSG wind turbine, power converter, turbulence, wind speed
Although Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) wind turbines (WTs) mitigate gearbox impacts, they requires high reliability of generators and converters. Statistical analysis shows that the failure rate of direct-drive PMSG wind turbines’ generators and inverters are high. Intelligent fault diagnosis algorithms to detect inverters faults is a premise for the condition monitoring system aimed at improving wind turbines’ reliability and availability. The influences of random wind speed and diversified control strategies lead to challenges for developing intelligent fault diagnosis algorithms for converters. This paper studies open-circuit fault features of wind turbine converters in variable wind speed situations through systematic simulation and experiment. A new fault diagnosis algorithm named Wind Speed Based Normalized Current Trajectory is proposed and used to accurately detect and locate faulted IGBT in the circuit arms. It is compared to direct current monitoring and curre... [more]
Harnessing the Flexibility of Thermostatic Loads in Microgrids with Solar Power Generation
Rosa Morales González, Shahab Shariat Torbaghan, Madeleine Gibescu, Sjef Cobben
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: commercial and industrial areas, demand response, Genetic Algorithm, local RES integration, microgrids, mixed-integer optimization, physical system modeling, smart grid, thermostatic load modeling
This paper presents a demand response (DR) framework that intertwines thermodynamic building models with a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization method. The framework optimizes heating/cooling schedules of end-users inside a business park microgrid with local distributed generation from renewable energy sources (DG-RES) based on two separate objectives: net load minimization and electricity cost minimization. DG-RES is treated as a curtailable resource in anticipation of future scenarios where the infeed of DG-RES to the regional distribution network could be limited. We test the DR framework with a case study of a refrigerated warehouse and an office building located in a business park with local PV generation. Results show the technical potential of the DR framework in harnessing the flexibility of the thermal masses from end-user sites in order to: (1) reduce the energy exchange at the point of connection; (2) reduce the cost of electricity for the microgrid end-users; and (3) i... [more]
Solar Energy as a Form Giver for Future Cities
Alessandra Curreli, Glòria Serra-Coch, Antonio Isalgue, Isabel Crespo, Helena Coch
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Subject: Energy Policy
Keywords: cities, Energy, renewable energies, reuse, solar access, urban morphology
Energy is considered as a main influence on urban configurations. However, there is a difficulty on translating the city models based on theoretical renewable energy concepts into practical applications. This study considers the possibility of understanding this future model as a transformation of the existing urban centres. With this objective, a methodology to intervene in existing cities based on the study of solar access is developed. Therefore, an analysis of solar potential in relation with urban morphology is carried on through a simulation software in l’Eixample, a neighbourhood of Barcelona. The distribution of the sun factor in the different areas of the building blocks envelope displays possible morphological modifications that would facilitate solar energy collection. Consequently, the analytical method presented could be applied to regulate urban interventions with the aim of obtaining more solar energy based cities.
Electrical Power and Energy Systems for Transportation Applications
Paul Stewart, Chris Bingham
January 7, 2019 (v1)
This book contains the successful invited submissions [1⁻25] to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Electrical Power and Energy Systems for Transportation Applications”.
Real Time Information Based Energy Management Using Customer Preferences and Dynamic Pricing in Smart Homes
Muhammad Babar Rasheed, Nadeem Javaid, Muhammad Awais, Zahoor Ali Khan, Umar Qasim, Nabil Alrajeh, Zafar Iqbal, Qaisar Javaid
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: demand side management, energy management, genetic algorithm (GA), knapsack, microgird, Optimization, programmable communication thermostat, real time pricing, smart grid (SG)
This paper presents real time information based energy management algorithms to reduce electricity cost and peak to average ratio (PAR) while preserving user comfort in a smart home. We categorize household appliances into thermostatically controlled (tc), user aware (ua), elastic (el), inelastic (iel) and regular (r) appliances/loads. An optimization problem is formulated to reduce electricity cost by determining the optimal use of household appliances. The operational schedules of these appliances are optimized in response to the electricity price signals and customer preferences to maximize electricity cost saving and user comfort while minimizing curtailed energy. Mathematical optimization models of tc appliances, i.e., air-conditioner and refrigerator, are proposed which are solved by using intelligent programmable communication thermostat ( iPCT). We add extra intelligence to conventional programmable communication thermostat (CPCT) by using genetic algorithm (GA) to control tc a... [more]
Electricity Self-Sufficient Community Clustering for Energy Resilience
Yoshiki Yamagata, Daisuke Murakami, Kazuhiro Minami, Nana Arizumi, Sho Kuroda, Tomoya Tanjo, Hiroshi Maruyama
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: community clustering, electricity sharing, graph partitioning, simulated annealing, vehicle to community system
Local electricity generation and sharing has been given considerable attention recently for its disaster resilience and other reasons. However, the process of designing local sharing communities (or local grids) is still unclear. Thus, this study empirically compares algorithms for electricity sharing community clustering in terms of self-sufficiency, sharing cost, and stability. The comparison is performed for all 12 months of a typical year in Yokohama, Japan. The analysis results indicate that, while each individual algorithm has some advantages, an exhaustive algorithm provides clusters that are highly self-sufficient. The exhaustive algorithm further demonstrates that a clustering result optimized for one month is available across many months without losing self-sufficiency. In fact, the clusters achieve complete self-sufficiency for five months in spring and autumn, when electricity demands are lower.
Novel Parametric Circuit Modeling for Li-Ion Batteries
Ximing Cheng, Liguang Yao, Yinjiao Xing, Michael Pecht
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: equivalent electrical circuit, Li-ion battery, model parameterization, non-negative least squares
Because of their simplicity and dynamic response, current pulse series are often used to extract parameters for equivalent electrical circuit modeling of Li-ion batteries. These models are then applied for performance simulation, state estimation, and thermal analysis in electric vehicles. However, these methods have two problems: The assumption of linear dependence of the matrix columns and negative parameters estimated from discrete-time equations and least-squares methods. In this paper, continuous-time equations are exploited to construct a linearly independent data matrix and parameterize the circuit model by the combination of non-negative least squares and genetic algorithm, which constrains the model parameters to be positive. Trigonometric functions are then developed to fit the parameter curves. The developed model parameterization methodology was applied and assessed by a standard driving cycle.
Thermoelectric Generators on Satellites—An Approach for Waste Heat Recovery in Space
Marian von Lukowicz, Elisabeth Abbe, Tino Schmiel, Martin Tajmar
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: autonomous systems, energy harvesting, space power systems, thermoelectric generator
Environmental radiation in space (from the Sun, etc.) and operational thermal loads result in heat flows inside the structure of satellites. Today these heat flows remain unused and are collected, transported to a radiator and emitted to space to prevent the satellite from overheating, but they hold a huge potential to generate electrical power independently of solar panels. Thermoelectric generators are a promising approach for such applications because of their solid state characteristics. As they do not have any moving parts, they do not cause any vibrations in the satellite. They are said to be maintenance-free and highly reliable. Due to the expected small heat flows modern devices based on BiTe have to be considered, but these devices have no flight heritage. Furthermore, energy harvesting on space systems is a new approach for increasing the efficiency and reliability. In this paper, different systems studies and applications are discussed based some experimental characterisatio... [more]
An Experimental Study of Pile-Supported OWC-Type Breakwaters: Energy Extraction and Vortex-Induced Energy Loss
Fang He, Mingjia Li, Zhenhua Huang
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: experimental study, orifice characteristics, oscillating water column, pile-supported breakwater, pneumatic damping, vortex-induced energy loss, wave energy dissipation, wave energy extraction
Integrating wave energy converters with breakwaters is a promising concept for wave energy utilization. On the basis of fulfilling the wave protection demands, pile-supported Oscillating Water Column (OWC)-type breakwaters can also meet the local needs of electricity far from the lands. In the present study, the wave energy extraction and vortex-induced energy loss of pile-supported OWC-type breakwaters were analyzed based on a two-point measurement method. The importance of energy extraction and vortex-induced energy loss on the wave energy dissipation of pile-supported OWC-type breakwaters were experimentally investigated. It was found that the trends of energy extraction and vortex-induced energy loss were generally correlated. The effects of the pneumatic damping induced by top opening affected the vortex-induced energy loss more than the energy extraction. Results showed that a larger pneumatic damping was preferable for the purpose of increasing energy extraction, whereas for a s... [more]
Optimal Coordinated Management of a Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging Station under a Flexible Penalty Contract for Voltage Security
Jip Kim, Seung Wan Kim, Young Gyu Jin, Jong-Keun Park, Yong Tae Yoon
January 7, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: optimal charging management, penalty contract, plug-in electric vehicle (PEV), voltage security
The increasing penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) may cause a low-voltage problem in the distribution network. In particular, the introduction of charging stations where multiple PEVs are simultaneously charged at the same bus can aggravate the low-voltage problem. Unlike a distribution network operator (DNO) who has the overall responsibility for stable and reliable network operation, a charging station operator (CSO) may schedule PEV charging without consideration for the resulting severe voltage drop. Therefore, there is a need for the DNO to impose a coordination measure to induce the CSO to adjust its charging schedule to help mitigate the voltage problem. Although the current time-of-use (TOU) tariff is an indirect coordination measure that can motivate the CSO to shift its charging demand to off-peak time by imposing a high rate at the peak time, it is limited by its rigidity in that the network voltage condition cannot be flexibly reflected in the tariff. Therefore... [more]
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