Most of the developing oil and gas fields in Russia are located in Arctic regions and constructed on permafrost, where recent environmental changes cause multiple hazards for their infrastructure. The blowing-up of pingos, resulting in the formation of gas emission craters, is one of the disastrous processes associated both with these external changes and, likely, with deep sources of hydrocarbons. We traced the channels of fluid migration which link a gas features reservoirs with periglacial phenomena associated with such craters with the set of geophysical methods, including common depth point and shallow transient electromagnetic methods, on an area of a prospected gas field. We found correlated vertical anomalies of acoustic coherence and electrical resistivity associated with gas chimneys in the upper 500−600 m of the section. The thickness of the ice-bonded permafrost acting as a seal for fluids decreased in the chimney zone, forming 25−50 m deep pockets in the permafrost base. T... [more]

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement has been announced as a crucial step towards combating the global threat of climate change. In the light of ambitious plans for further renewable energy sources development, high demand for nonenergy materials critical for RES is greatly expected. In conclusion, future energy security will be surely based on nonenergy commodities critical for them. As this article directly relates to issues related to new technologies and energy security in new form, the main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of energy commodity prices, namely crude oil, natural gas and coal prices on selected metal prices such as aluminium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, silver, tin, or zinc, both before and over the Paris Agreement period. We are looking for new insights in terms of relationships between traditional fossil fuels and metals used in clean energy technologies potentially established or strengthened shortly af... [more]

This paper presents a method for multi-period optimization of natural gas and electric power systems incorporating gas-fired power plants to analyze the impact of the interdependence between those commodities, in terms of cost and energy supply. The proposed method considers electricity network constraints, such as voltage profile, electrical losses, and limits of the transmission lines, as well as the technical restrictions on the gas network, such as the diameter, length, pressure, and limits for those variables. The proposed method was applied to a 12-bus electric network and a 7-node gas network, and several interdependencies between the electricity and the natural gas system network can be observed. The results show how the restrictions cause the behavior of the gas-fired power plants—in a low demand stage, it is restricted even when the gas-fired power generation prices are below the hydraulic generation prices, while in scenarios of higher demand, saturated cargo flows are obser... [more]

Research in the field of Internal Combustion (IC) engines focuses on the drastic reduction of both pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. A promising alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel is represented by the use of gaseous fuels, above all green hydrogen but also Natural Gas (NG). In previous works, the authors investigated the performance, efficiency, and emissions of a supercharged Spark Ignition (SI) engine fueled with mixtures of gasoline and natural gas; a detailed research involving the combustion process of this kind of fuel mixture has been previously performed and a lot of experimental data have been collected. Combustion modeling is a fundamental tool in the design and optimization process of an IC engine. A simple way to simulate the combustion evolution is to implement a mathematical function that reproduces the mass fraction burned (MFB) profile; the most used for this purpose is the Wiebe function. In a previous work, the authors proposed an innovative mathematical m... [more]

Under the idea of low carbon economy, natural gas has drawn widely attention all over the world and becomes one of the fastest growing energies because of its clean, high calorific value, and environmental protection properties. However, policy and political factors, supply-demand relationship and hurricanes can cause the jump in natural gas prices volatility. To address this issue, a deep learning model based on oil and gas news is proposed to predict natural gas price trends in this paper. In this model, news text embedding is conducted by BERT-Base, Uncased on natural gas-related news. Attention model is adopted to balance the weight of the news vector. Meanwhile, corresponding natural gas price embedding is conducted by a BiLSTM module. The Attention-weighted news vectors and price embedding are the inputs of the fused network with transformer is built. BiLSTM is used to extract used price information related with news features. Transformer is employed to capture time series trend... [more]

Various gas pipeline networks used for the transit of energy sources are some of the most important infrastructures. However, carrying gas from one point to another is not the only concern when planning the construction of a new network or expanding an already existing one. The reliability and environmental impact of the system are crucial when evaluating the network and risks posed by potential gas leaks, fires, explosions, etc. Even though everyone admits that reliability is a key aspect of any system, its constraints will still be most likely neglected in the assessment of the pipeline project. How much energy is wasted by pushing an additional amount of gas through the pipeline network, which will eventually gush out of the pipeline because of one crack or another? Moreover, if this additional power or fuel consumption and related environmental impact are significant, how could it be reduced? In this paper, an approach is introduced for the simulation and quantification of how much... [more]

Reliance on natural gas for power generation has increased the coupling between gas and power networks. While this coupling can bring operational and economic benefits, it can also yield challenges, as the constraints in one system can impact the other. Co-simulation can capture the constraints and interactions between these systems, but so far, there has been limited comparison of co-simulation results to those of an integrated model. In this work, we develop a new co-simulation framework using the HELICS platform and the SAInt tool for modeling transient gas and AC optimal power flow. We evaluate this co-simulation framework against a fully integrated version of the SAInt power and gas simulators, thus providing a benchmarking of the co-simulation approach. We compare results across the two approaches for two test networks and a network representing the Belgian power and gas networks, testing both normal operating conditions and cases with compressor disruptions. In each of the cases... [more]

Natural gas has returned to prominence in the agenda of European countries since the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2022. However, natural gas is a fossil source with severe environmental implications. This paper aims to verify the impact of natural gas on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a European panel from 1993 to 2018 for sixteen countries. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in the form of an unrestricted error correction model was used to identify the short-run impacts, the long-run elasticities, and the speed of adjustment of the model. The results indicate that in the short-run, natural gas has a negligible impact on CO2 emissions when faced with oil consumption (6.7 times less), whereas the consumption of renewables and hydroelectric energy proved to be able to decrease the CO2 emissions both in the short- and long-run. The elasticity of oil consumption is lower than the unit, indicating that efficiency gains have been achieved during the proce... [more]

Energy security is a multidimensional and multifaceted concept, therefore defining it is a complex problem. It requires the consideration of a wide set of factors from the fields of economics, geology, ecology and geopolitics, all of which have an influence on energy security or the lack thereof. The article focuses on natural gas, which is a very specific fuel in the European context. It is the most “politicized” source of energy, as a consequence of its growing importance as a transition fuel in the energy transformation process. In order to identify dependencies between variables on the gas market and analyze their impact on it (in particular on underground storage), the authors chose a set of variables and built a Bayesian network. The network is an effective and flexible tool that allows analysis of the relationships between the variables that build them and model their values based on evidence. The article presents two stages of work with the Bayesian network. In the first one, a... [more]

As the natural gas pipeline network becomes larger and more complicated, a stricter requirement of computation efficiency for the large and complicated network transient simulation should be proposed. The adaptive time step method has been widely used in the transient simulation of natural gas pipeline networks as a significant way to improve computation efficiency. However, the trial calculation process, which is the most time-consuming process in time step adjustment, was used to adjust the time step in these methods, reducing the efficiency of time step adjustment. In order to reduce the number of trial calculations, and improve the calculation efficiency, an improved adaptive time step method is proposed, which proposes the concept of energy number and judges the energy number of the boundary conditions after judging whether the variation of the pipeline state is tolerable. A comparison between the adaptive time step method and the improved adaptive time step method in the restart... [more]

The war in Ukraine has sensitized German policy makers towards the negative economic impact of a curtailment of natural gas flows from Russia. Given its large import dependency, Germany has implemented regulatory measures for mitigating a possible gas shortage and is seeking to diversify from pipeline imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In this context, we provide a comprehensive review of the natural gas crisis in Europe and place it in the context of the peculiar role of natural gas in Germany. We critically discuss the economic impact of an embargo, and assess demand and supply factors capable of mitigating a supply shortage. We derive a short-term import substitution potential of 13 bcm, assuming timely installation of Floating Storage and Regasification Units (FSRUs). We discuss the potential for demand reductions in the power sector, in industry consumption, and in households, and estimate a combined maximum of 24.1 bcm. Under decreased industrial demand, the most optimistic... [more]

An active prechamber turbulent ignition system is a forced ignition method for internal combustion engines fueled with low reactivity fuels, i.e., natural gas and gasoline, which could expand the lean-burn limit, promote flame propagation, and ensure cyclic stability. In the present study, the effects of charge concentration stratifications inside the prechamber on the jet characteristics and combustion process were numerically investigated using CONVERGE software coupled with a reduced methane mechanism by the coupling control of spark timing and prechamber global equivalence ratio. The results show that the jet characteristics and ignition mechanisms can be regulated by controlling the prechamber global equivalence ratio and spark timing. On the one hand, as the prechamber global equivalence ratio increases, the velocity of the jet increases firstly and then decreases, the temperature drops, and OH and CH2O radicals are reduced, but the stable combustion intermediates, CO and H2, are... [more]

This study analyzes European natural gas (NG) prices since the eve of the 2008 financial crisis. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients associate prices with and without taxation, whereas a hierarchical clustering analysis clarifies similarities in NG pricing behavior. After performing econometric tests to ensure the satisfaction of classical hypotheses and identify a system of endogenous variables, structured unrestricted and restricted vector autoregressive models are applied to panel data composed of 34 spatial units and 31 units of time drawn from 2007−2022 to confirm the presence of short-term and long-term causal dependencies. The nonparametric analysis identifies three groups of countries that exhibit a differentiated pricing behavior. The parametric analysis reveals a significant and asymmetric short run relation, which is imposed by liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports from Nigeria on the logarithm of NG prices. However, the sign of coefficients associated with lagged LNG imp... [more]

Dual fuel combustion leverages a high-reactivity fuel (HRF) to ignite a premixed low reactivity fuel (LRF)−air mixture to achieve high efficiencies and low engine-out emissions. The difference in the relative amounts of these fuels and in-cylinder fuel reactivity stratification profoundly impacts dual fuel combustion. The effect of increasing LRF energy substitution on dual fuel combustion at various fixed HRF (diesel) quantities was experimentally studied for two different LRFs (natural gas and propane) on a heavy-duty single cylinder engine at a constant intake pressure of 1.5 bar and injection pressure of 500 bar. Further, this effect was studied for three different HRF start of injection (SOI) timings of 310 CAD (50° BTDC), 330 CAD (30° BTDC), and 350 CAD (10° BTDC). For 310 CAD SOI, increasing the LRF substitution at a fixed HRF resulted in higher loads, peak cylinder pressures, and peak apparent heat release rates (AHRR). The onset of low temperature heat release (LTHR) was advan... [more]

The blending of hydrogen gas into natural gas pipelines is an effective way of achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Due to the large differences in the calorific values of natural gas from different sources, the calorific value of natural gas after mixing with hydrogen may not meet the quality requirements of natural gas, and the quality of natural gas entering long-distance natural gas and urban gas pipelines also has different requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of multiple gas sources and different pipe network types on the differences in the calorific values of natural gas following hydrogen admixing. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the quality requirements and proportions of hydrogen-mixed gas in natural gas pipelines at home and abroad, and systematically determined the quality requirements for natural gas entering both long-distance natural gas and urban gas pipelines in combination with national standards. Taking the real calorific val... [more]

During petroleum industry operations, burning flammable gas components in the flaring stacks is common, normally a symbol for stable production, but flaring these components creates harmful emissions for the environment. This flaring gas has components with a high quantity of heating power, an important measurement that quantifies the energy that can potentially be obtained from this wasted resource. This paper aims to evaluate the energy usage of the flaring gas, estimating the possible energy produced with this usable resource by modeling a treatment and energy generation process employing the Aspen HYSYS® simulator. The flaring gas is characterized using different models and compositional ranges of natural gas to know what kind of gas it is and identify what type of equipment could be used for treatment and energy generation from this resource. After the gas characterization, the selection of the equipment of treatment and energy generation is necessary; this is done using a multicr... [more]

European countries are required to look for alternative gas suppliers to deliver energy security for Europe. Qatar has been proposed to be an alternative gas supplier; however, there are problems that limit Qatar from exporting more gas to Europe, namely: the limited LNG quantities available for export, the long-term fixed contracting strategy, and the lack of room to receive additional gas in European LNG terminals. As these problems are critical and limit Qatar from exporting more gas to Europe, this research aims to propose potential solutions to overcome them. The results show that to solve the issue of the limited LNG quantities available for export, Qatar can produce electricity from renewable sources and export the gas consumed for power production, and can produce renewable natural gas (RNG) from green hydrogen and captured carbon dioxide. Two BCM of natural gas can be exported if 15% of the electricity required is produced from renewables in Qatar. In addition, 0.45 BCM of RNG... [more]

Green hydrogen exploitation plays a crucial role in achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Hydrogen, in fact, provides a number of key benefits for the energy system, due to its integrability with other clean technologies for energy production and consumption. This paper is aimed at presenting the project of recovery of an abandoned industrial area located in central Italy by developing a site for the production of green hydrogen. To this aim, the analysis of the territorial and industrial context of the area allowed us to design the project phases and to define the sizing criteria of the hydrogen production plant. The results of a preliminary cost−benefit analysis show that a huge initial investment is required and that, in the short term, the project is sustainable only with a very large public grant. On the other hand, in the long term, the project is sustainable, and the benefits significantly overcome the costs.

To meet the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel is expected to play a major role in future energy supplies. A challenge with hydrogen is its low density and volumetric energy value, meaning that large tanks are needed to store and transport it. By injecting hydrogen into the natural gas network, the transportation issue could be solved if the hydrogen−natural gas mixture satisfies the grid gas quality requirements set by legislation and standards. The end consumers usually have stricter limitations on the gas quality than the grid, where Euromot, the European association of internal combustion engine manufacturers, has specific requirements on the parameters: the methane number and Wobbe index. This paper analyses how much hydrogen can be added into the natural gas grid to fulfil Euromot’s requirements. An average gas composition was calculated based on the most common ones in Europe in 2021, and the results show that 13.4% hydrogen can be mixed... [more]

Gas reservoirs discovered in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin generally have high temperatures (up to 172.22 °C) and high pressures (up to 171.74 MPa). If using the PVT laboratory to get the gas compressibility factor, data from the laboratory are so little that it will not satisfy the demands of reservoir engineering calculations. There are many empirical correlations for calculating the Z-factor; however, these correlations give large errors at high gas reservoir pressures. The errors in estimating the Z-factor will lead to large errors in estimating all the other gas properties such as gas formation volume factor, gas compressibility, and gas in place. In this paper, a new accurate Z-factor correlation has been developed based on PVT data by correcting the high-pressure part of the most commonly used Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson Correlation. Multivariate nonlinear regression is used to establish the independent variable function of pseudo-critical temperatures and pressures. By... [more]

The pressure at the natural gas wellhead typically ranges from tens to hundreds of atmospheres. Traditionally, the wellhead pressure must be throttled into a low level to satisfy the requirement of gathering pipelines, in which a large amount of pressure energy is wasted. The high-pressure oil−gas turbine is a promising approach to convert the wellhead pressure energy into shaft power or electricity. In this paper, a numerical investigation is conducted on a radial-outflow high-pressure oil−gas turbine utilized in a wellhead pressure power generation system. Using the self-defined real oil−gas physical properties and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the internal flow and performance of the high-pressure oil−gas turbine under complex operating conditions are investigated. To improve the turbine flow and performance, a Latin Hypercube Sampling-based parametric tuning is performed on the stator and rotor blade geometries. The application of such an approach effectively adjusts the flow... [more]

The reduction of carbon emissions from the energy industry chain and the coordinated development of the energy supply chain have attracted widespread attention. This paper conducts a systematic review of the existing literature on the energy industry chain and energy supply chain. Based on the analytical results, this paper finds that research gaps exist in the studies of energy consumption structure and resource consumption in energy industry chain. In addition, the studies of coordinated operation mechanisms, risk control and the impact of government policies on the energy supply chain still have some shortcomings. Furthermore, this paper shows that the exploitation and utilization of renewable energy and the sustainable development of the energy industry chain and supply chain have become the major focus of scholars and governments in recent years. Accordingly, this article finally presents the future research prospects and provides managerial insights for policy makers and enterpri... [more]

Worldwide concerns over energy optimization and harnessing have sparked a variety of research on utilizing wasted energy. Natural gas, in particular, has been an essential energy commodity for domestic and industrial applications. This paper approaches the same principle throughout the Egyptian natural gas conventional national grid. The real case of Egypt’s Al-Alamein city gas line extension is analytically studied for energy harness. Thus, this paper aims to study the replacement of conventional energy-wasting pressure-reducing stations with power-producing expander generator systems to utilize pressure reduction in electricity generation. The mathematical equations that describe the energy recovery processes are presented. Reliable commercial software is used to verify the possible implementation of turbo expander stations in three scenarios. Each scenario is defined, and its main components and numerical parameters are introduced. Hence, the resulting energy outputs and applicabili... [more]

How dependent are European power systems and economies on natural gas? To answer this pressing question, we coupled a simulation model for assessing security of electricity supply and an economic optimization model. With this, we were able to analyze different reduction scenarios of the amount of gas utilized in the power sector. Our results show that reducing the amount of natural gas in the European power sector by up to 30% has a relatively moderate impact on the security of electricity supply. Restrictions of 40% or more result in substantially higher reductions in electricity demand shortfall and are associated with economic costs of more than EUR 77 billion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a close coordination of gas distribution on a European level would be instrumental in mitigating negative economic consequences. Finally, it can be deduced that a coordinated delay of planned power plant shutdowns could effectively compensate for reduced gas volumes in the electricity sector.

Despite the considerable breakthrough in district heating systems (DHS) globally, there is not yet any policy on developing this technology in Iran. This country has a high range of energy demand, while renewable energies play a minor role in its energy supply chain. Furthermore, the world is going through a transition towards renewable resources, which currently consist of only 10% of the total energy mix. As the first contribution in this area, this paper aims to design a 100% renewable DHS integrated with radiant floor heating for a group of residential buildings in Sarein, Iran. Moreover, the literature proposes a novel approach for combining geothermal energy and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to achieve a 100% renewable energy system. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is used for thermal analysis by 3D designing the buildings in SketchUp and OpenStudio and simulating the heat load in EnergyPlus. Three scenarios are presented to better compare the DHS with the decentralized heating... [more]