Abstract
To achieve net-zero iron and steel production by 2050, many iron and steel producers are turning to direct reduced iron (DRI)—electric arc furnace (EAF) steel production as an opportunity to achieve significant CO2 emissions reductions relative to current levels. However, additional innovations are required to close the gap between DRI and net-zero steel. Pressurized chemical looping-DRI (PCL-DRI) is a novel technology explored to meet this target, in which the reformer firebox and fired process gas heaters are replaced with PCL combustion units. Captured CO2 is conditioned and compressed for pipeline transportation and storage/utilization. The performance of two different PCL-DRI configurations relative to traditional DRI processes was explored via process simulation: a Midrex-type process and an Energiron-type process. The PCL-DRI processes were shown to have equivalent or lesser total fuel consumption (8% reduction) compared to the base cases, and greater process water production (170−260% increase), with minimal or no loss in thermal efficiency. PCL-DRI is a strong competitor to alternative methods of reaching net-zero DRI due to lower energy penalties for carbon capture, no required changes to stream chemistry in or out of the EAF, and no requirement for hydrogen infrastructure.